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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 17

1 You must not sacrifice to him a bull or sheep that has a blemish or any other defect, because that is considered offensive to the Lord your God. 2 Suppose a man or woman is discovered among you in one of your villages that the Lord your God is giving you who sins before the Lord your God and breaks his covenant 3 by serving other gods and worshiping them—the sun, moon, or any other heavenly bodies that I have not permitted you to worship.⁠ 4 When it is reported to you and you hear about it, you must investigate carefully. If it is indeed true that such a disgraceful thing is being done in Israel, 5 you must bring to your city gates that man or woman who has done this wicked thing—that very man or woman—and you must stone that person to death. 6 At the testimony of two or three witnesses the person must be executed.⁠ They cannot be put to death on the testimony of only one witness. 7 The witnesses must be first to begin the execution, and then all the people are to join in afterward. In this way you will purge the evil from among you. 8 If a matter is too difficult for you to judge—bloodshed, legal claim, or assault—matters of controversy in your villages—you must leave there and go up to the place the Lord your God chooses.⁠ 9 You will go to the Levitical priests and the judge in office in those days and seek a solution; they will render a verdict.⁠ 10 You must then do as they have determined at that place the Lord chooses. Be careful to do just as you are taught.⁠ 11 You must do what you are instructed, and the verdict they pronounce to you, without fail. Do not deviate right or left from what they tell you. 12 The person who pays no attention to the priest currently serving the Lord your God there, or to the judge—that person must die, so that you may purge evil from Israel. 13 Then all the people will hear and be afraid, and not be so presumptuous again. 14 When you come to the land the Lord your God is giving you and take it over and live in it and then say, “I will select a king like all the nations surrounding me,” 15 you must select without fail a king whom the Lord your God chooses. From among your fellow citizens you must appoint a king—you may not designate a foreigner who is not one of your fellow Israelites.⁠ 16 Moreover, he must not accumulate horses for himself⁠ or allow the people to return to Egypt to do so, for the Lord has said you must never again return that way.⁠ 17 Furthermore, he must not marry many wives lest his affections turn aside,⁠ and he must not accumulate much silver and gold. 18 When he sits on his royal throne he must make a copy of this law on a scroll given to him by the Levitical priests. 19 It must be with him constantly, and he must read it as long as he lives,⁠ so that he may learn to revere the Lord his God and observe all the words of this law and these statutes and carry them out.⁠ 20 Then he will not exalt himself above his fellow citizens or turn from the commandments to the right or left, and he and his descendants will enjoy many years ruling over his kingdom in Israel.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 17:17 and 1 Kings 11:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 17 warns that a king must not collect horses, wealth, or many wives, setting limits that contrast with common practices in the ancient Near East. 1 Kings depicts Solomon violating these limits, with his many marriages leading to his ruin.

Passages

Deuteronomy 17:17

Hebrew Bible
15 you must select without fail a king whom the Lord your God chooses. From among your fellow citizens you must appoint a king—you may not designate a foreigner who is not one of your fellow Israelites. 16 Moreover, he must not accumulate horses for himself or allow the people to return to Egypt to do so, for the Lord has said you must never again return that way. 17 Furthermore, he must not marry many wives lest his affections turn aside, and he must not accumulate much silver and gold. 18 When he sits on his royal throne he must make a copy of this law on a scroll given to him by the Levitical priests. 19 It must be with him constantly, and he must read it as long as he lives, so that he may learn to revere the Lord his God and observe all the words of this law and these statutes and carry them out.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

1 Kings 11:3

Hebrew Bible
1 King Solomon fell in love with many foreign women (besides Pharaoh’s daughter), including Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites. 2 They came from nations about which the Lord had warned the Israelites, “You must not establish friendly relations with them! If you do, they will surely shift your allegiance to their gods.” But Solomon was irresistibly attracted to them. 3 He had 700 royal wives and 300 concubines; his wives had a powerful influence over him. 4 When Solomon became old, his wives shifted his allegiance to other gods; he was not wholeheartedly devoted to the Lord his God, as his father David had been. 5 Solomon worshiped the Sidonian goddess Astarte and the detestable Ammonite god Milcom.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

"... Deuteronomy focuses much less on what the king must do than on what he must not do (17:16-17) ... These three restrictions “quite explicitly cut against the accepted pattern of kingship throughout the ancient Near East.” As Bible scholar Christopher Wright explains, “military power (the point of having great numbers of horses), the prestige of a large harem (frequently related to international marriage alliances), and great wealth (large amounts of silver and gold)—these were the defining marks of kings worthy of the title... But Deuteronomy starkly declares: ‘Not so in Israel.’” Why are weapons, wives, and wealth considered so dangerous? Cavalry and chariots signal a king’s self-glorification. When David’s sons Absalom and Adonijah seek to become king, each “provides himself with a chariot, horses, and fifty outrunners” (2 Samuel 15:1; 1 Kings 1:5) ... The desire to keep up a large army will also tempt the king to take advantage of his subjects. As Samuel warns, the king “will take your sons and appoint them as charioteers and horsemen, and they will serve as outrunners for his chariots” (1 Samuel 8:11). Vast numbers of wives, Deuteronomy worries, will undermine the king’s loyalty to God. The reader of Tanakh thinks immediately of King Solomon, the wisest of men who nevertheless lost his way: “He had seven hundred royal wives and three hundred concubines; and his wives turned his heart away” (1 Kings 11:3). Or, of Ahab, who married a Phoenician wife and soon began to worship Baal and Asherah (1 Kings 16:31-33) ..."
Shai Held, Give the People (Only Some of) What They Want: Deuteronomy and the King (Center for Jewish Leadership and Ideas, 2014), 1–10.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 17:17 and 1 Kings 11:3

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