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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 15

1 At the end of every seven years you must declare a cancellation of debts.⁠ 2 This is the nature of the cancellation: Every creditor must remit what he has loaned to another person;⁠ he must not force payment from his fellow Israelite, for it is to be recognized as “the Lord’s cancellation of debts.” 3 You may exact payment from a foreigner, but whatever your fellow Israelite owes you, you must remit. 4 However, there should not be any poor among you, for the Lord will surely bless you in the land that he is giving you as an inheritance, 5 if you carefully obey him by keeping all these commandments that I am giving you today. 6 For the Lord your God will bless you just as he has promised; you will lend to many nations but will not borrow from any, and you will rule over many nations but they will not rule over you. 7 If a fellow Israelite from one of your villages in the land that the Lord your God is giving you should be poor, you must not harden your heart or be insensitive to his impoverished condition.⁠ 8 Instead, you must be sure to open your hand to him and generously lend him whatever he needs. 9 Be careful lest you entertain the wicked thought that the seventh year, the year of cancellation of debts, has almost arrived, and your attitude be wrong toward your impoverished fellow Israelite and you do not lend him anything; he will cry out to the Lord against you,⁠ and you will be regarded as having sinned.⁠ 10 You must by all means lend to him and not be upset by doing it, for because of this the Lord your God will bless you in all your work and in everything you attempt. 11 There will never cease to be some poor people in the land; therefore, I am commanding you to make sure you open your hand to your fellow Israelites who are needy and poor in your land.⁠ 12 If your fellow Hebrew—whether male or female—is sold to you and serves you for six years, then in the seventh year you must let that servant go free.⁠ 13 If you set them free, you must not send them away empty-handed. 14 You must supply them generously from your flock, your threshing floor, and your winepress—as the Lord your God has blessed you, you must give to them. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you; therefore, I am commanding you to do this thing today. 16 However, if the servant says to you, “I do not want to leave you,” because he loves you and your household, since he is well off with you, 17 you shall take an awl and pierce a hole through his ear to the door. Then he will become your servant permanently (this applies to your female servant as well). 18 You should not consider it difficult to let him go free, for he will have served you for six years, twice the time of a hired worker; the Lord your God will bless you in everything you do. 19 You must set apart for the Lord your God every firstborn male born to your herds and flocks. You must not work the firstborn of your bulls or shear the firstborn of your flocks. 20 You and your household must eat them annually before the Lord your God in the place he chooses. 21 If one of them has any kind of blemish—lameness, blindness, or anything else—you may not offer it as a sacrifice to the Lord your God.⁠ 22 You may eat it in your villages, whether you are ritually impure or clean, just as you would eat a gazelle or an ibex. 23 However, you must not eat its blood; you must pour it out on the ground like water.

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi §117 and Deuteronomy 15:12

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 15 shares the release from debt slavery found in the Code of Hammurabi, adding material support at release so that freedom includes the means to begin again rather than simply the end of compulsory service.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi §117

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
116 If the prisoner dies in prison from blows or mistreatment, the prisoner's master shall convict the merchant before the judge. If the prisoner was free-born, the merchant's son shall be put to death; if he was a slave, the merchant shall pay one-third of a mina of gold, and he shall forfeit everything the prisoner's master gave him. 117 If anyone fails to pay a debt and sells himself, his wife, his son, and his daughter for money, or gives them into forced labor, they shall work for three years in the house of the man who bought them or holds them, and in the fourth year they shall be set free. 118 If he gives a male or female slave into forced labor, and the merchant subleases or sells them, no objection can be raised.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Deuteronomy 15:12

Hebrew Bible
11 There will never cease to be some poor people in the land; therefore, I am commanding you to make sure you open your hand to your fellow Israelites who are needy and poor in your land. 12 If your fellow Hebrew—whether male or female—is sold to you and serves you for six years, then in the seventh year you must let that servant go free. 13 If you set them free, you must not send them away empty-handed. 14 You must supply them generously from your flock, your threshing floor, and your winepress—as the Lord your God has blessed you, you must give to them. 15 Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt and the Lord your God redeemed you; therefore, I am commanding you to do this thing today.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

References

“... 15:1-6. sabbatical year. The fallowing of the land in the seventh year, as an acknowledgment of the Creator’s work and an example of good husbandry, is first found in Exodus 23:10-11. An expansion of that law is later found in Leviticus 25:2-7, providing more specificity about how it affects the land and the people. The Deuteronomic legislation is more concerned with debt remission, manumission of slaves (15:12-18) and the educational process of reading the law publicly (31:1013) during the sabbatical year. Although there is no direct parallel to either sabbath or sabbatical-year legislation outside the Bible, the *Ugaritic epic of *Baal contains a seven-year agricultural cycle that may be related. In *Hammurabi’s laws women and children sold into slavery would be freed after three years. ...”
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 186.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi §117 and Deuteronomy 15:12

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