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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Suppose a prophet or one who foretells by dreams should appear among you⁠ and show you a sign or wonder, 2 and the sign or wonder should come to pass concerning what he said to you, namely, “Let us follow other gods”—gods whom you have not previously known—“and let us serve them.” 3 You must not listen to the words of that prophet or dreamer, for the Lord your God will be testing you to see if you love him with all your mind and being. 4 You must follow the Lord your God and revere only him; and you must observe his commandments, obey him, serve him, and remain loyal to him. 5 As for that prophet or dreamer, he must be executed because he encouraged rebellion against the Lord your God who brought you from the land of Egypt, redeeming you from that place of slavery, and because he has tried to entice you from the way the Lord your God has commanded you to go. In this way you must purge evil from among you.⁠ 6 Suppose your own full brother, your son, your daughter, your beloved wife, or your closest friend⁠ should seduce you secretly and encourage you to go and serve other gods that neither you nor your ancestors have previously known,⁠ 7 the gods of the surrounding people (whether near you or far from you, from one end of the earth to the other). 8 You must not give in to him or even listen to him; do not feel sympathy for him or spare him or cover up for him. 9 Instead, you must kill him without fail! Your own hand must be the first to strike him, and then the hands of the whole community. 10 You must stone him to death because he tried to entice you away from the Lord your God, who delivered you from the land of Egypt, that place of slavery. 11 Thus all Israel will hear and be afraid; no longer will they continue to do evil like this among you. 12 Suppose you should hear in one of your cities, which the Lord your God is giving you as a place to live, that 13 some evil people have departed from among you to entice the inhabitants of their cities, saying, “Let’s go and serve other gods” (whom you have not known before). 14 You must investigate thoroughly and inquire carefully. If it is indeed true that such a disgraceful thing is being done among you,⁠ 15 you must by all means slaughter the inhabitants of that city with the sword; annihilate with the sword everyone in it, as well as the livestock. 16 You must gather all of its plunder into the middle of the plaza and burn the city and all its plunder as a whole burnt offering to the Lord your God. It will be an abandoned ruin forever—it must never be rebuilt again. 17 You must not take for yourself anything that has been placed under judgment. Then the Lord will relent from his intense anger, show you compassion, have mercy on you, and multiply you as he promised your ancestors. 18 Thus you must obey the Lord your God, keeping all his commandments that I am giving you today and doing what is right before him.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 13:9 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §12

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Assyrian

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Summary

Deuteronomy 13 uses covenant language that requires the death penalty for anyone who attempts insurrection, based on ancient Near Eastern tradition found in the Esarhaddon treaty, where anyone who attempts insurrection is also given the death penalty.

Passages

Deuteronomy 13:9

Hebrew Bible
6 Suppose your own full brother, your son, your daughter, your beloved wife, or your closest friend should seduce you secretly and encourage you to go and serve other gods that neither you nor your ancestors have previously known, 7 the gods of the surrounding people (whether near you or far from you, from one end of the earth to the other). 8 You must not give in to him or even listen to him; do not feel sympathy for him or spare him or cover up for him. 9 Instead, you must kill him without fail! Your own hand must be the first to strike him, and then the hands of the whole community. 10 You must stone him to death because he tried to entice you away from the Lord your God, who delivered you from the land of Egypt, that place of slavery.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §12

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
130 If anyone should speak to you of rebellion and insurrection (with the purpose) of ki[lling], assassinating, and eliminating Assurbanipal, the [great crown] prince designate, son of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, your lord, concerning whom he has concluded (this) treaty with you, or if you should hear it from the mouth of anyone, you shall seize the perpetrators of insurrection, and bring them before Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate. 138 If you are able to seize them and put them to death, then you shall destroy their name and their seed from the land. If, however, you are unable to seize them and put them to death, you shall inform Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, and assist him in seizing and putting to death the perpetrators of rebellion.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

References

"... In VTE the possible perpetrators of disloyalty are extensive, with permutations enumerated over dozens of lines. As with the discussions of Deut 28 and VTE, however, there are a few sections that have gained particular attention, with VTE §10 foremost among them. VTE §10— noted already for its resemblance to VTE §6—includes among its possible sources of disloyalty to Assurbanipal persuasions that come ... This is followed by a general warning in VTE §11 against “[anything] that is evil or improper” and concerning the maintenance of exclusive loyalty to Assurbanipal, and in VTE §12, instructions of what to do if the addressee should discover anyone plotting against Assurbanipal. Deuteronomy 13, in its turn, imagines threats from “prophets or those who divine by dreams” (Deuteronomy 13:2), “your brother, your mother’s son, or your son or your daughter, or the wife you embrace, or your most intimate friend” (Deuteronomy 13:7). Later in the chapter there is a threat from “scoundrels from among you [who] have gone out and led the inhabitants of the town astray” (Deuteronomy 13:14) ..."
C. L. Crouch, Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion, ANEM 8 (Atlanta: SBL, 2014), 82.

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Deuteronomy 13:9 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §12

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