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Deuteronomy

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Suppose a prophet or one who foretells by dreams should appear among you⁠ and show you a sign or wonder, 2 and the sign or wonder should come to pass concerning what he said to you, namely, “Let us follow other gods”—gods whom you have not previously known—“and let us serve them.” 3 You must not listen to the words of that prophet or dreamer, for the Lord your God will be testing you to see if you love him with all your mind and being. 4 You must follow the Lord your God and revere only him; and you must observe his commandments, obey him, serve him, and remain loyal to him. 5 As for that prophet or dreamer, he must be executed because he encouraged rebellion against the Lord your God who brought you from the land of Egypt, redeeming you from that place of slavery, and because he has tried to entice you from the way the Lord your God has commanded you to go. In this way you must purge evil from among you.⁠ 6 Suppose your own full brother, your son, your daughter, your beloved wife, or your closest friend⁠ should seduce you secretly and encourage you to go and serve other gods that neither you nor your ancestors have previously known,⁠ 7 the gods of the surrounding people (whether near you or far from you, from one end of the earth to the other). 8 You must not give in to him or even listen to him; do not feel sympathy for him or spare him or cover up for him. 9 Instead, you must kill him without fail! Your own hand must be the first to strike him, and then the hands of the whole community. 10 You must stone him to death because he tried to entice you away from the Lord your God, who delivered you from the land of Egypt, that place of slavery. 11 Thus all Israel will hear and be afraid; no longer will they continue to do evil like this among you. 12 Suppose you should hear in one of your cities, which the Lord your God is giving you as a place to live, that 13 some evil people have departed from among you to entice the inhabitants of their cities, saying, “Let’s go and serve other gods” (whom you have not known before). 14 You must investigate thoroughly and inquire carefully. If it is indeed true that such a disgraceful thing is being done among you,⁠ 15 you must by all means slaughter the inhabitants of that city with the sword; annihilate with the sword everyone in it, as well as the livestock. 16 You must gather all of its plunder into the middle of the plaza and burn the city and all its plunder as a whole burnt offering to the Lord your God. It will be an abandoned ruin forever—it must never be rebuilt again. 17 You must not take for yourself anything that has been placed under judgment. Then the Lord will relent from his intense anger, show you compassion, have mercy on you, and multiply you as he promised your ancestors. 18 Thus you must obey the Lord your God, keeping all his commandments that I am giving you today and doing what is right before him.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 13:1 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§9–11

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Assyrian

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Summary

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon require oath-takers to report disloyal speech against the Assyrian crown prince, even from prophets. In Deuteronomy, Moses demands similar loyalty to God, commanding Israel to reject prophets who advocate for other gods.

Passages

Deuteronomy 13:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Suppose a prophet or one who foretells by dreams should appear among you and show you a sign or wonder, 2 and the sign or wonder should come to pass concerning what he said to you, namely, “Let us follow other gods”—gods whom you have not previously known—“and let us serve them.” 3 You must not listen to the words of that prophet or dreamer, for the Lord your God will be testing you to see if you love him with all your mind and being. 4 You must follow the Lord your God and revere only him; and you must observe his commandments, obey him, serve him, and remain loyal to him. 5 As for that prophet or dreamer, he must be executed because he encouraged rebellion against the Lord your God who brought you from the land of Egypt, redeeming you from that place of slavery, and because he has tried to entice you from the way the Lord your God has commanded you to go. In this way you must purge evil from among you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§9–11

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
101 You shall not sin against Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, whom Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, has ordered for you, nor against his brothers, sons by the same mother as Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, concerning whom he has concluded (this) treaty with you; you shall not bring your hands to (do) evil against them nor make insurrection or do anything which is not good to them. 108 If you hear any evil, improper, ugly word which is not seemly nor good to Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, son of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, your lord, either from the mouth of his enemy or from the mouth of his ally, or from the mouth of his brothers or from the mouth of his uncles, his cousins, his family, members of his father's line, or from the mouth of your brothers, your sons, your daughters, or from the mouth of a prophet, an ecstatic, an inquirer of oracles, or from the mouth of any human being at all, you shall not conceal it but come and report it to Assurbanipal, the great crown prince designate, son of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria. 123 You shall not do (anything) that is evil and improper to Assurbanipal the great crown prince designate, whom Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, has ordered for you; you shall not seize him and put him to death, nor hand him over to his enemy, nor oust him from the kingship of Assyria, nor sw[ear an oa]th to any other king or any other lord.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

References

“... CC's replacement of Hammurabi with Yahweh parallels Deuteronomy's replacement of the Neo-Assyrian monarch of vassal treaties with Yahweh. This may be seen in a comparison of Deuteronomy 13 with VTE §§10 and 12: 2 If in your midst a prophet or dream-dreamer arises... 3 ...saying "Let us follow after other gods..." 4 Do not listen to words of that prophet or dream-dreamer.... [...] §10 If you hear any evil, improper, ugly word which is not seemly nor good to Assurbanipal...from the mouth of your brothers, your sons, your daughters, or from the mouth of a prophet, ecstatic, an inquirer of oracles..., you shall not conceal it but come and report it to Assurbanipal. [...] The correspondences here, along with other correspondences, indicate that Deuteronomy has used Assyrian treaty (or treaties) in its formulation. It has created obligations of loyalty to the biblical deity by converting the Assyrian king into Yahweh. ...”
David P. Wright, Inventing God’s Law: How the Covenant Code of the Bible Used and Revised the Laws of Hammurabi (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 293.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 13:1 and The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§9–11

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