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Daniel

About this book
Chapter 9

1 In the first year of Darius son of Ahasuerus, who was of Median descent and who had been appointed king over the Babylonian empire— 2 in the first year of his reign I, Daniel, came to understand from the sacred books that the number of years for the fulfilling of the desolation of Jerusalem, which had come as the Lord’s message to the prophet Jeremiah, would be 70 years.⁠ 3 So I turned my attention to the Lord God to implore him by prayer and requests, with fasting, sackcloth, and ashes. 4 I prayed to the Lord my God, confessing in this way: “O Lord, great and awesome God who is faithful to his covenant with those who love him⁠ and keep his commandments,⁠ 5 we have sinned! We have done what is wrong and wicked; we have rebelled by turning away from your commandments and standards. 6 We have not paid attention to your servants the prophets, who spoke by your authority to our kings, our leaders, and our ancestors, and to all the inhabitants of the land as well. 7 “You are righteous, O Lord, but we are humiliated this day—the people of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem and all Israel, both near and far away in all the countries in which you have scattered them because they have behaved unfaithfully toward you. 8 O Lord, we have been humiliated—our kings, our leaders, and our ancestors—because we have sinned against you. 9 Yet the Lord our God is compassionate and forgiving, even though we have rebelled against him.⁠ 10 We have not obeyed the Lord our God by living according to his laws that he set before us through his servants the prophets. 11 “All Israel has broken your law and turned away by not obeying you. Therefore you have poured out on us the judgment solemnly threatened in the law of Moses the servant of God, for we have sinned against you. 12 He has carried out his threats against us and our rulers who were over us by bringing great calamity on us—what has happened to Jerusalem has never been equaled under all heaven! 13 Just as it is written in the law of Moses, so all this calamity has come on us.⁠ Still we have not tried to pacify the Lord our God by turning back from our sin and by seeking wisdom from your reliable moral standards. 14 The Lord was mindful of the calamity, and he brought it on us. For the Lord our God is just in all he has done, and we have not obeyed him. 15 “Now, O Lord our God, who brought your people out of the land of Egypt with great power and made a name for yourself that is remembered to this day—we have sinned and behaved wickedly. 16 O Lord, according to all your justice, please turn your raging anger away from your city Jerusalem, your holy mountain. For due to our sins and the iniquities of our ancestors, Jerusalem and your people are mocked by all our neighbors. 17 “So now, our God, accept the prayer and requests of your servant, and show favor to your devastated sanctuary for your own sake. 18 Listen attentively, my God, and hear! Open your eyes and look on our desolated ruins and the city called by your name. For it is not because of our own righteous deeds that we are praying to you, but because your compassion is abundant. 19 O Lord, hear! O Lord, forgive! O Lord, pay attention, and act! Don’t delay, for your own sake, O my God!⁠ For your city and your people are called by your name.” 20 While I was still speaking and praying, confessing my sin and the sin of my people Israel⁠ and presenting my request before the Lord my God concerning his holy mountain— 21 yes, while I was still praying, the man Gabriel, whom I had seen previously in a vision, was approaching me in my state of extreme weariness, around the time of the evening offering. 22 He spoke with me, instructing me as follows: “Daniel, I have now come to impart understanding to you. 23 At the beginning of your requests a message went out, and I have come to convey it to you, for you are of great value in God’s sight. Therefore consider the message and understand the vision: 24 “Seventy weeks have been determined⁠ concerning your people and your holy city to put an end to rebellion, to bring sin to completion, to atone for iniquity, to bring in perpetual righteousness, to seal up the prophetic vision, and to anoint a Most Holy Place.⁠ 25 So know and understand: From the issuing of the command to restore and rebuild Jerusalem until an anointed one, a prince arrives, there will be a period of seven weeks and sixty-two weeks. It will again be built, with plaza and moat, but in distressful times. 26 Now after the sixty-two weeks, an anointed one will be cut off⁠ and have nothing. As for the city and the sanctuary, the people of the coming prince will destroy them. But his end will come speedily like a flood. Until the end of the war that has been decreed there will be destruction.⁠ 27 He will confirm a covenant with many for one week. But in the middle of that week he will bring sacrifices and offerings to a halt. On the wing of abominations will come one who destroys,⁠ until the decreed end is poured out on the one who destroys.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 26:34 and 2 Chronicles 36:21 and Daniel 9:2

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Chronicles links the 70-year exile to the land’s sabbath rest in Leviticus and ends it with Cyrus’s decree. Daniel reinterprets it as 70 “weeks” of years, moving its fulfillment into the future and implying that exile and restoration are unresolved.

Passages

Leviticus 26:34

Hebrew Bible
33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste. 34 “‘Then the land will make up for its Sabbaths all the days it lies desolate while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land will rest and make up its Sabbaths. 35 All the days of the desolation it will have the rest it did not have on your Sabbaths when you lived on it. 36 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, I will bring despair into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a blowing leaf will pursue them, and they will flee as one who flees the sword and will fall down even though there is no pursuer.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

2 Chronicles 36:21

Hebrew Bible
20 He deported to Babylon all who escaped the sword. They served him and his sons until the Persian kingdom rose to power. 21 This took place to fulfill the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah and lasted until the land experienced its sabbatical years. All the time of its desolation the land rested in order to fulfill the seventy years. 22 In the first year of King Cyrus of Persia, in fulfillment of the Lord’s message spoken through Jeremiah, the Lord motivated King Cyrus of Persia to issue a proclamation throughout his kingdom and also to put it in writing. It read: 23 “This is what King Cyrus of Persia says: ‘The Lord God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the earth. He has appointed me to build a temple for him in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Anyone of his people among you may go up there, and may the Lord his God be with him.’”
400–301 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Chronicles

Daniel 9:2

Hebrew Bible
1 In the first year of Darius son of Ahasuerus, who was of Median descent and who had been appointed king over the Babylonian empire— 2 in the first year of his reign I, Daniel, came to understand from the sacred books that the number of years for the fulfilling of the desolation of Jerusalem, which had come as the Lord’s message to the prophet Jeremiah, would be 70 years. 3 So I turned my attention to the Lord God to implore him by prayer and requests, with fasting, sackcloth, and ashes.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

References

"... It is generally accepted by scholars today that Daniel 9:24–27 reflects a paradigm of inner-biblical interpretation, according to which the later text has transformed and updated Jeremiah’s 70 years of exile into 70 weeks of years, or 490 years. According to this common reading, the author of Daniel 9 did not perceive the dismal Judean reality following the return to the Land in the Persian period – all the way down through the constant clashes between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires in the Hellenistic period – as the fulfillment of Jeremiah’s words of hope and restoration. Therefore, the writer found it necessary to extend the expiration date of the prophecy originally directed to the Babylonian exiles, all the way into the mid-second century B. C. E. The method by which this supposed reinterpretation was accomplished is similar in some degree to the mode of interpretation found in chapters 7 and 8. Those chapters contain vivid visions, which are interpreted symbolically on Daniel’s behalf. Each aspect of the visions is understood to reflect a particular idea, entity or event, and the divine revelation to Daniel is only meaningful on this interpretive level. In a similar vein, the suggested approach to Daniel 9 also assumes the use of “symbolic exegesis” according to which the word “year” is reinterpreted as “week.” The primary difference between the interpretive model of chapters 7 and 8 on the one hand and chapter 9 on the other, is that the former employs objects for the interpreted symbols, while the latter treats Jeremiah’s prophetic utterance in the same way. In this sense, the method of interpretation found in Daniel 9 (according to the prevalent view) is most similar to pesher exegesis, as evidenced extensively in the Qumran scrolls. An interesting consequence of this approach, according to which this vision extends Jeremiah’s original prophecy of 70 years, is that Daniel 9 stands in opposition to the position expressed explicitly at the end of the Book of Chronicles (2 Chronicles 36), which clearly assumes that Jeremiah’s prophecy was indeed fulfilled in the time of Cyrus, when the Judeans were allowed to return to the Land and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem ... the text of 2 Chronicles 36 has also been analyzed extensively as an example of inner-biblical interpretation, since it offers a basis for the length of the seventy-year exile, as the result of the nonobservance of the sabbatical years for the land as prescribed in Leviticus 26:34–35, 43 ..."
Michael Segal, “The Chronological Conception of the Persian Period in Daniel 9,” JAJ 2 (2011): 283–303.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 26:34 and 2 Chronicles 36:21 and Daniel 9:2

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