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Daniel

About this book
Chapter 7

1 In the first year of King Belshazzar of Babylon, Daniel had a dream filled with visions while he was lying on his bed. Then he wrote down the dream in summary fashion.⁠ 2 Daniel explained: “I was watching in my vision during the night as the four winds of the sky were stirring up the great sea.⁠ 3 Then four large beasts came up from the sea; they were different from one another.⁠ 4 “The first one was like a lion with eagles’ wings.⁠ As I watched, its wings were pulled off, and it was lifted up from the ground. It was made to stand on two feet like a human being, and a human mind was given to it. 5 “Then a second beast appeared, like a bear. It was raised up on one side, and there were three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. It was told, ‘Get up and devour much flesh!’ 6 “After these things, as I was watching, another beast like a leopard appeared, with four bird-like wings on its back. This beast had four heads, and ruling authority was given to it. 7 “After these things, as I was watching in the night visions a fourth beast appeared—one dreadful, terrible, and very strong.⁠ It had two large rows of iron teeth. It devoured and crushed, and anything that was left it trampled with its feet. It was different from all the beasts that came before it, and it had 10 horns.⁠ 8 “As I was contemplating the horns, another horn—a small one—came up between them, and three of the former horns were torn out by the roots to make room for it. This horn had eyes resembling human eyes and a mouth speaking arrogant things.⁠ 9 “While I was watching, thrones were set up,⁠ and the Ancient of Days took his seat.⁠ His attire was white like snow; the hair of his head was like lamb’s wool.⁠ His throne was ablaze with fire, and its wheels were all aflame.⁠ 10 A river of fire was streaming forth and proceeding from his presence.⁠ Many thousands were ministering to him; many tens of thousands stood ready to serve him.⁠ The court convened, and the books were opened.⁠ 11 “Then I kept on watching because of the arrogant words of the horn that was speaking. I was watching until the beast was killed and its body destroyed and thrown into the flaming fire. 12 As for the rest of the beasts, their ruling authority had already been removed, though they were permitted to go on living for a time and a season. 13 “I was watching in the night visions, And with the clouds of the sky, one like a son of man was approaching.⁠ He went up to the Ancient of Days and was escorted before him.⁠ 14 To him was given ruling authority, honor, and sovereignty. All peoples, nations, and language groups were serving him. His authority is eternal and will not pass away.⁠ His kingdom will not be destroyed.⁠ 15 “As for me, Daniel, my spirit was distressed, and the visions of my mind were alarming me. 16 I approached one of those standing nearby and asked him about the meaning of all this. So he spoke with me and revealed to me the interpretation of the vision: 17 ‘These large beasts, which are four in number, represent four kings who will arise from the earth.⁠ 18 The holy ones of the Most High will receive the kingdom and will take possession of the kingdom forever and ever.’ 19 “Then I wanted to know the meaning of the fourth beast, which was different from all the others. It was very dreadful, with two rows of iron teeth and bronze claws, and it devoured, crushed, and trampled anything that was left with its feet.⁠ 20 I also wanted to know the meaning of the 10 horns on its head, and of that other horn that came up and before which three others fell. This was the horn that had eyes and a mouth speaking arrogant things, whose appearance was more formidable than the others. 21 While I was watching, that horn began to wage war against the holy ones⁠ and was defeating them, 22 until the Ancient of Days arrived and judgment was rendered in favor of the holy ones of the Most High. Then the time came for the holy ones to take possession of the kingdom. 23 “This is what he told me: ‘The fourth beast means that there will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will differ from all the other kingdoms. It will devour all the earth and will trample and crush it. 24 The 10 horns mean that 10 kings will arise from that kingdom. Another king will arise after them, but he will be different from the earlier ones. He will humiliate three kings.⁠ 25 He will speak words against the Most High. He will harass the holy ones of the Most High continually. His intention will be to change times established by law. The holy ones will be delivered into his hand for a time, times, and half a time.⁠ 26 But the court will convene, and his ruling authority will be removed—destroyed and abolished forever! 27 Then the kingdom, authority, and greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be delivered to the people of the holy ones of the Most High. His kingdom is an eternal kingdom; all authorities will serve him and obey him.’⁠ 28 “This is the conclusion of the matter. As for me, Daniel, my thoughts troubled me greatly, and the color drained from my face. But I kept the matter to myself.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Daniel 7:13 and Exagoge 74

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

In the Exagoge, a retelling of the Exodus as a Greek tragedy, Moses dreams that a noble figure gives him a crown and scepter and leaves his throne for him. This may represent the incorporation of later traditions such as from Daniel.

Passages

Daniel 7:13

Hebrew Bible
11 “Then I kept on watching because of the arrogant words of the horn that was speaking. I was watching until the beast was killed and its body destroyed and thrown into the flaming fire. 12 As for the rest of the beasts, their ruling authority had already been removed, though they were permitted to go on living for a time and a season. 13 “I was watching in the night visions, And with the clouds of the sky, one like a son of man was approaching. He went up to the Ancient of Days and was escorted before him. 14 To him was given ruling authority, honor, and sovereignty. All peoples, nations, and language groups were serving him. His authority is eternal and will not pass away. His kingdom will not be destroyed.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

Exagoge 74

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Ezekiel the Tragedian
68 In my dream I saw on the summit of Mount Sinai 69 a great throne that reached up to the vault of heaven. 70 On it sat a man of noble appearance, 71 wearing a royal crown, and holding in his left hand 72 a great scepter. With his right hand he 73 beckoned to me, and I stood before the throne. 74 Then he handed me the scepter and the crown 75 and told me to sit on the royal throne, 76 and he himself left it. From there I looked out 77 over the whole circle of the earth, and below 78 the earth itself, and high above the heavens. 79 Then a host of stars fell at my feet, 80 and I counted them 81 as they passed by me like an army in ranks. 82 Then I woke from my sleep in terror.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Exagoge

References

“... With respect to the present study, the most salient feature of the account is the transfer of distinctive celestial attributes, including the attribute of the divine seat, to the second power. Notably, the first power appears to execute the transferal when he orders the new guardian to take the seat he previously occupied. The enthroned celestial figure then vacates his heavenly seat and hands his royal attributes to the son of Amram. This extra-biblical Mosaic account therefore provides a unique opportunity to behold the transferal of the attributes from the first power to the second. While in other accounts we are often privy only to the final outcome of such transferals, here in the Exagoge we are able to witness the entire process. [...] As in Daniel 7 and the Similitudes, in the Exagoge the second power receives the attribute of the celestial seat. Some scholars also establish a connection between Moses’ acquisition of the divine seat in the Exagoge and the enthronement of the Son of Man in Daniel and the Similitudes. Analyzing these similarities, Howard Jacobson points out that in “Daniel 7:9ff the divine being sits on his throne in great splendor and then ‘one like a man comes with the clouds of heaven.’ Like Moses in Ezekiel, the man approaches the throne and is given sovereignty, glory and kingly power.” Christopher Rowland and Christopher Morray-Jones draw attention to another set of parallels, this time with the Son of Man traditions found in the Book of the Similitudes, noting that “in Ezekiel the Tragedian God places Moses on a throne with a crown on his head and a sceptre in his hand. In the Similitudes of Enoch the Son of Man or Elect One sits on the throne of glory (e.g. 1 Enoch 69:29). Elsewhere in the text the throne is occupied by God.” ...”
Andrei Orlov, The Glory of the Invisible God: Two Powers in Heaven Traditions and Early Christology, Jewish and Christian Texts 31 (London: T&T Clark, 2019), 29–30.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Daniel 7:13 and Exagoge 74

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