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About this book

Daniel

About this book
Chapter 1

1 In the third year of the reign of King Jehoiakim of Judah, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon advanced against Jerusalem and laid it under siege. 2 Now the Lord delivered King Jehoiakim of Judah into his power, along with some of the vessels of the temple of God. He brought them to the land of Shinar10⁠ to the temple of his god and put the vessels in the treasury of his god. 3 The king commanded Ashpenaz, who was in charge of his court officials, to choose some of the Israelites who were of royal and noble descent—⁠ 4 young men in whom there was no physical defect and who were handsome, well versed in all kinds of wisdom, well educated and having keen insight,⁠ and who were capable of entering the king’s royal service—and to teach them the literature and language of the Babylonians. 5 So the king assigned them a daily ration from his royal delicacies and from the wine he himself drank. They were to be trained for the next three years. At the end of that time they were to enter the king’s service. 6 As it turned out, among these young men were some from Judah: Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. 7 But the overseer of the court officials renamed them. He gave Daniel the name Belteshazzar, Hananiah he named Shadrach, Mishael he named Meshach, and Azariah he named Abednego. 8 But Daniel made up his mind that he would not defile himself with the royal delicacies or the royal wine. He therefore asked the overseer of the court officials for permission not to defile himself. 9 Then God made the overseer of the court officials sympathetic to Daniel. 10 But he responded to Daniel, “I fear my master the king. He is the one who has decided your food and drink. What would happen if he saw that you looked malnourished in comparison to the other young men your age? If that happened, you would endanger my life with the king!” 11 Daniel then spoke to the warden whom the overseer of the court officials had appointed over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: 12 “Please test your servants for 10 days by providing us with some vegetables to eat and water to drink. 13 Then compare our appearance with that of the young men who are eating the royal delicacies; deal with us in light of what you see.” 14 So the warden agreed to their proposal and tested them for 10 days. 15 At the end of the 10 days their appearance was better and their bodies were healthier than all the young men who had been eating the royal delicacies. 16 So the warden removed the delicacies and the wine from their diet and gave them a diet of vegetables instead. 17 Now as for these four young men, God endowed them with knowledge and skill in all sorts of literature and wisdom—and Daniel had insight into all kinds of visions and dreams. 18 When the time appointed by the king arrived, the overseer of the court officials brought them into Nebuchadnezzar’s presence. 19 When the king spoke with them, he did not find among the entire group anyone like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, or Azariah. So they entered the king’s service. 20 In every matter of wisdom and insight the king asked them about, he found them to be 10 times better than any of the magicians and astrologers that were in his entire empire. 21 Now Daniel lived on until the first year of Cyrus the king.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Kings 24:6 and 2 Chronicles 36:6 and Daniel 1:2

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The introduction of Daniel attempts to harmonize conflicting accounts from 2 Kings 24 and 2 Chronicles 36 about the fate of King Jehoiakim. While Kings states that Jehoiakim died in Jerusalem, Chronicles claims he was taken to Babylon.

Passages

2 Kings 24:6

Hebrew Bible
1 During Jehoiakim’s reign, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon attacked. Jehoiakim was his subject for three years, but then he rebelled against him. 2 The Lord sent against him Babylonian, Syrian, Moabite, and Ammonite raiding bands; he sent them to destroy Judah, just as in the Lord’s message that he had announced through his servants the prophets. 3 Just as the Lord had announced, he rejected Judah because of all the sins that Manasseh had committed. 4 Because he killed innocent people and stained Jerusalem with their blood, the Lord was unwilling to forgive them. 5 The rest of the events of Jehoiakim’s reign and all his accomplishments, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. 6 He passed away and his son Jehoiachin replaced him as king.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

2 Chronicles 36:6

Hebrew Bible
5 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned for eleven years in Jerusalem. He did evil in the sight of the Lord his God. 6 King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon attacked him, bound him with bronze chains, and carried him away to Babylon. 7 Nebuchadnezzar took some of the items in the Lord’s temple to Babylon and put them in his palace there.
400–301 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Chronicles

Daniel 1:2

Hebrew Bible
1 In the third year of the reign of King Jehoiakim of Judah, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon advanced against Jerusalem and laid it under siege. 2 Now the Lord delivered King Jehoiakim of Judah into his power, along with some of the vessels of the temple of God. He brought them to the land of Shinar10 to the temple of his god and put the vessels in the treasury of his god. 3 The king commanded Ashpenaz, who was in charge of his court officials, to choose some of the Israelites who were of royal and noble descent—
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

References

"... A number of data in this account fail to find corroboration either in other biblical accounts or in the Babylonian Chronicles. In the third year of Jehoiakim (609/608 B.C.E.), Nebuchadnezzar was not yet king in Babylon, and the span of Jehoiakim’s reign was eleven years (2 Kings 23:36 = 2 Chronicles 36:5). According to 2 Kings, although Nebuchadnezzar did in time come against Jehoiakim in Jerusalem, Jehoiakim died in Jerusalem during that siege and was never taken to Babylon: he “slept with his fathers” (2 Kings 24:6). Additionally, Jehoiakim was not the last king of Judah, as Daniel 1:1–2 implies, but was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin, who in turn was replaced by Zedekiah (2 Kings 24:8, 17; 2 Chronicles 36:9, 10). The ends of the reigns of these last two kings of Jerusalem—Jehoiachin and Zedekiah—correspond to the great deportations of 597 B.C.E. and 586 B.C.E. As commentators have agreed upon since at least 1835, the errors of the first verses of the book of Daniel arise from its attempt to harmonize the conflicting literary accounts of 2 Chronicles 36 (on which Daniel principally depends) and of 2 Kings 24. In the Chronicler’s account, both Jehoiakim and Jehoiachin are, by turns, spirited off to Babylon; Daniel 1:2 echoes almost precisely the Chronicler’s description of Jehoiakim’s alleged abduction (2 Chronicles 36:6–7; recall the contradictory account of 2 Kings, in which Jehoiakim “slept with his fathers” in Jerusalem). Aware of this contradiction, Daniel draws from 2 Kings 24:1 the datum (lacking in 2 Chronicles) that King Jehoiakim “became [Nebuchadnezzar’s] vassal for three years”: this “three years” has become, in Daniel 1:1, the “third year” of Jehoiakim’s reign ..."
G. Brooke Lester, Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew–Aramaic Book of Daniel, LHBOTS 606 (London: T&T Clark, 2015), 35–36.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • 2 Chron 35 is referenced, but the actual text is from chapter 36.

    Brittani, December 5, 2025

2 Kings 24:6 and 2 Chronicles 36:6 and Daniel 1:2

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