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1 Clement

First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians

About this book

What Jealousy Did in Ancient Times

Chapter 4

1 For it is written, ‘And after some days Cain brought an offering to God from the fruits of the earth, and Abel also brought an offering from the firstborn of his flock and their fat portions.’ 2 And God looked favorably upon Abel and his gifts, but He paid no attention to Cain and his offerings. 3 And Cain grieved deeply, and his face fell. 4 And God said to Cain, ‘Why are you so sorrowful, and why has your face fallen? If you have offered correctly but not divided correctly, have you not sinned? Be still.’⁠ 5 ‘He will turn to you, and you will rule over him.’ 6 And Cain said to Abel, his brother, ‘Let us go to the fields.’ And while they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel and killed him. 7 You see, brothers and sisters, jealousy and envy led to a brother’s murder. 8 Because of jealousy, our father Jacob fled from the presence of his brother Esau. 9 Jealousy caused Joseph to be persecuted almost to death and sold into slavery. 10 Jealousy forced Moses to flee from Pharaoh, king of Egypt, when his fellow Israelite said to him, ‘Who made you a judge or ruler over us? Will you kill me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?’ 11 Because of jealousy, Aaron and Miriam were shut out of the camp. 12 Jealousy brought Dathan and Abiram down alive to Hades because they rebelled against Moses, the servant of God.⁠ 13 Because of jealousy, David was not only envied by the Philistines but was also persecuted by Saul, king of Israel.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Genesis 4:7 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 4:4

Septuagint · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author quotes the story of Cain and Abel from the Greek Septuagint translation of Genesis 4 as the first example of what jealousy does, and shows no interest in the two sacrifices, only in the jealousy that led to murder.

Passages

LXX Genesis 4:7

Septuagint
4 And Abel also brought of the first born of his sheep and of his fatlings, and God looked upon Abel and his gifts, 5 but Cain and his sacrifices he did not regard, and Cain was exceedingly sorrowful and his face fell. 6 And the Lord God said to Cain, Why have you become very sorrowful and why is your face fallen? 7 Have you not sinned if you have brought it rightly, but not rightly divided it? be still, to you shall be his submission, and you shall rule over him. 8 And Cain said to Abel his brother, Let us go out into the plain; and it happened that when they were in the plain Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and killed him.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Genesis

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 4:4

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 For it is written, ‘And after some days Cain brought an offering to God from the fruits of the earth, and Abel also brought an offering from the firstborn of his flock and their fat portions.’ 2 And God looked favorably upon Abel and his gifts, but He paid no attention to Cain and his offerings. 3 And Cain grieved deeply, and his face fell. 4 And God said to Cain, ‘Why are you so sorrowful, and why has your face fallen? If you have offered correctly but not divided correctly, have you not sinned? Be still.’ 5 ‘He will turn to you, and you will rule over him.’ 6 And Cain said to Abel, his brother, ‘Let us go to the fields.’ And while they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel and killed him.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... The earliest Church Father to discuss the Cain and Abel story was Clement of Rome, who cited Gen 4:3–8 in the LXX version simply to illustrate the dangers of jealousy and envy (1 Clement [Epistle to the Corinthians] 4; see also Cyprian, De Zelo et Livore 10:4–5, and Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses III.23.4). He shows no concern with the sacrifice as such. Indeed, the sacrifices of the two brothers receive no mention in the writings of the other Apostolic Fathers, or those of Justin and the other Christian Apologists of the second century, although Theophilus preserves a tradition that God offered Cain a chance to repent of his wickedness, which he refused (Ad Autolycum II.29C). It would seem that Irenaeus (c. 135–200 CE), who was born in Asia Minor (Grant 1997, 1–2), was the first Church Father to offer detailed interpretation of the episode ...”
Robert Hayward, “What Did Cain Do Wrong? Jewish and Christian Exegesis of Genesis 4:3–6,” in The Exegetical Encounter between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity, ed. Emmanouela Grypeou and Helen Spurling, JCPS 18 (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 114.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Genesis 4:7 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 4:4

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