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Bel and the Dragon

Daniel Exposes the Priests of Bel

1 King Astyages was gathered to his fathers, and Cyrus the Persian received his kingdom. 2 Daniel lived with the king, and was honored above all his friends. 3 Now the Babylonians had an idol called Bel, and every day twelve great measures of fine flour, forty sheep, and six measures of wine were spent on it. 4 The king honored it and went daily to worship it; but Daniel worshiped his own God. The king said to him, “Why don’t you worship Bel?” 5 He said, “Because I don’t honor idols made with hands, but only the living God, who has created the sky and the earth, and has sovereignty over all flesh.”⁠ 6 Then the king said to him, “Don’t you think that Bel is a living god? Don’t you see how much he eats and drinks every day?” 7 Then Daniel laughed, and said, “O king, don’t be deceived; for this is just clay inside, and bronze outside, and never ate or drank anything.” 8 So the king was angry, and called for his priests, and said to them, “If you don’t tell me who this is who devours these expenses, you shall die. 9 But if you can show me that Bel devours them, then Daniel shall die; for he has spoken blasphemy against Bel.” Daniel said to the king, “Let it be according to your word.” 10 Now there were seventy priests of Bel, besides their wives and children. The king went with Daniel into Bel’s temple. 11 So Bel’s priests said, “Behold, we will leave; but you, O king, set out the food, and mix the wine and set it out, shut the door securely, and seal it with your own signet. 12 When you come in the morning, if you don’t find that Bel has eaten everything, we will suffer death, or else Daniel, who speaks falsely against us.” 13 They weren’t concerned, for under the table they had made a secret entrance, by which they entered in continually, and consumed those things. 14 It happened, when they had gone out, the king set the food before Bel. Now Daniel had commanded his servants to bring ashes, and they scattered them all over the temple in the presence of the king alone. Then they went out, shut the door, sealed it with the king’s signet, and so departed. 15 Now in the night, the priests came with their wives and children, as they usually did, and ate and drank it all. 16 In the morning, the king arose, and Daniel with him. 17 The king said, “Daniel, are the seals whole?” He said, “Yes, O king, they are whole.” 18 And as soon as he had opened the door, the king looked at the table, and cried with a loud voice, “You are great, O Bel, and there is no deceit with you at all!” 19 Then Daniel laughed, and held the king back so that he would not go in, and said, “Look at the pavement, and notice whose footsteps these are.” 20 The king said, “I see the footsteps of men, women, and children.” Then the king was angry, 21 and took the priests with their wives and children, who showed him the secret doors, where they came in and consumed the things that were on the table. 22 Therefore the king killed them, and delivered Bel into Daniel’s power, who overthrew it and its temple.

Daniel Kills the Dragon

23 In that same place there was a great dragon which the people of Babylon worshiped. 24 The king said to Daniel, “You can’t say that he is no living god. Therefore worship him.” 25 Then Daniel said, “I will worship the Lord my God; for he is a living God. But allow me, O king, and I will kill this dragon without sword or staff.” 26 The king said, “I allow you.” 27 Then Daniel took pitch, fat, and hair, and melted them together, and made lumps of them. He put these in the dragon’s mouth, so the dragon ate and burst apart. Daniel said, “Behold, these are the gods you all worship.”

Daniel Is Thrown into the Lions' Den

28 When the people of Babylon heard that, they were very indignant, and conspired against the king, saying, “The king has become a Jew. He has pulled down Bel, killed the dragon, and put the priests to the sword.” 29 So they came to the king, and said, “Deliver Daniel to us, or else we will destroy you and your house.” 30 Now when the king saw that they trapped him, being constrained, the king delivered Daniel to them. 31 They cast him into the lions’ den, where he was six days. 32 There were seven lions in the den, and they had been giving them two bodies and two sheep every day, which then were not given to them, intending that they would devour Daniel.

Habakkuk Brings Food to Daniel

33 Now there was in Judea the prophet Habakkuk, who had made stew, and had broken bread into a bowl. He was going into the field to bring it to the reapers. 34 But the angel of the Lord said to Habakkuk, “Go carry the dinner that you have into Babylon to Daniel, in the lions’ den.” 35 Habakkuk said, “Lord, I never saw Babylon. I don’t know where the den is.” 36 Then the angel of the Lord took him by the crown, and lifted him up by the hair of his head, and with the blast of his breath set him in Babylon over the den. 37 Habakkuk cried, saying, “O Daniel, Daniel, take the dinner which God has sent you.” 38 Daniel said, “You have remembered me, O God! You haven’t forsaken those who love you!” 39 So Daniel arose and ate;⁠ and the angel of God set Habakkuk in his own place again immediately.⁠

The King Rescues Daniel

40 On the seventh day, the king came to mourn for Daniel. When he came to the den, he looked in, and, behold, Daniel was sitting. 41 Then the king cried with a loud voice, saying, “Great are you, O Lord, you God of Daniel, and there is no other besides you!” 42 So he drew him out, and cast those that were the cause of his destruction into the den; and they were devoured in a moment before his face.

Texts in conversation

Compare Bel and the Dragon 1:5 and Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.5.2

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The Christian theologian Irenaeus quotes the Greek Bel and the Dragon, where the king refuses idols made with hands. Irenaeus attributes the quote to Daniel, showing how early Christian tradition considered it a part of that book.

Passages

Bel and the Dragon 1:5

Deuterocanon
3 Now the Babylonians had an idol called Bel, and every day twelve great measures of fine flour, forty sheep, and six measures of wine were spent on it. 4 The king honored it and went daily to worship it; but Daniel worshiped his own God. The king said to him, “Why don’t you worship Bel?” 5 He said, “Because I don’t honor idols made with hands, but only the living God, who has created the sky and the earth, and has sovereignty over all flesh.” 6 Then the king said to him, “Don’t you think that Bel is a living god? Don’t you see how much he eats and drinks every day?” 7 Then Daniel laughed, and said, “O king, don’t be deceived; for this is just clay inside, and bronze outside, and never ate or drank anything.”
300–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Bel and the Dragon

Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.5.2

Early Christian
2 For our Lord and Master, in the answer which He gave to the Sadducees, who say that there is no resurrection, and who do therefore dishonour God, and lower the credit of the law, did both indicate a resurrection, and reveal God, saying to them, You err, not knowing the Scriptures, nor the power of God. For, touching the resurrection of the dead, He says, have you not read that which was spoken by God, saying, I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob? And He added, He is not the God of the dead, but of the living; for all live to Him. By these arguments He unquestionably made it clear, that He who spoke to Moses out of the bush, and declared Himself to be the God of the fathers, He is the God of the living. For who is the God of the living unless He who is God, and above whom there is no other God? Whom also Daniel the prophet, when Cyrus king of the Persians said to him, Why do you not worship Bel? did proclaim, saying, Because I do not worship idols made with hands, but the living God, who established the heaven and the earth and has dominion over all flesh. Again did he say, I will adore the Lord my God, because He is the living God. He, then, who was adored by the prophets as the living God, He is the God of the living; and His Word is He who also spoke to Moses, who also put the Sadducees to silence, who also bestowed the gift of resurrection, thus revealing [both] truths to those who are blind, that is, the resurrection and God [in His true character]. For if He be not the God of the dead, but of the living, yet was called the God of the fathers who were sleeping, they do indubitably live to God, and have not passed out of existence, since they are children of the resurrection. But our Lord is Himself the resurrection, as He does Himself declare, I am the resurrection and the life. But the fathers are His children; for it is said by the prophet: Instead of your fathers, your children have been made to you. Christ Himself, therefore, together with the Father, is the God of the living, who spoke to Moses, and who was also manifested to the fathers.
175–190 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Irenaeus, Against Heresies Book 4

References

“... Internal evidence appears to shew that both these stories originally had a separate circulation; Susanna does not form a suitable prologue to Dan. i. 2, for v. 6 introduces Daniel as a person hitherto unknown to the reader; and the position of Bel as an epilogue to the prophetic portion of the book is still less appropriate. From the Fathers, however, it is clear that in the earliest Christian copies of the LXX. both Susanna and Bel formed a part of Daniel, to which they are ascribed by Irenaeus and Tertullian, and implicitly by Hippolytus. The remarkable letter of Julius Africanus to Origen which throws doubt on the genuineness of Susanna, calling attention to indications of its Greek origin, forms a solitary exception to the general view; even Origen labours to maintain their canonicity. Iren. iv. 26. 3 "et audient eas quae sunt a Daniele propheta voces" (Sus. 56, 52 f.), iv. 5. 2 "quem et Daniel propheta ... annuntiavit" (Bel 4 f., 25). Tert. de idololatria, 18 (Bel 4 f.). ...”
Henry Barclay Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek: With an Appendix Containing the Letter of Aristeas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900), 260.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Bel and the Dragon 1:5 and Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.5.2

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