Go to Related Reading
About this book

Battle of Kadesh Inscriptions

Poem and Bulletin of Ramses II

About this book

The Relief Inscriptions

Chapter 3

(The council of war) The arrival of the scout of Pharaoh, L. P. H., bringing the two scouts of the vanquished chief of Kheta into the presence of Pharaoh, L. P. H. They are beating them, to make them tell where the wretched chief of Kheta is. (Over the horses) Great first span of his majesty: “Victory-in-Thebes,” of the great stable: “Usermare-Setepnere-Beloved-of-Amon.” (The camp, over a prince in a chariot) Fan-bearer on the king’s right hand, ..., king’s-scribe, army commander ... his majesty the ... Son his right hand .... (The camp, over an official in a chariot) Arrival of the ... of Pharaoh, L. P. H., at ... the mother of the royal children, together with the ... of the divine mother ... fleeing to the west [side] of the camp⁠ ... before the foe. (The camp, at the top) The first division of Amon (named): “He-Gives-Victory-to-Usermare-Setepnere (Ramses II)-Given-Life,” with which Pharaoh is engaged in making camp.⁠ (Before a horseman) The scout of the army of Pharaoh, L. P. H., going to hasten the division of Ptah, saying: “March on! Pharaoh, L. P. H., your lord, stands ....” (The battle, over the king’s horses and chariot) The Good God, mighty in valor, great in victory, crushing all countries, King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Usermare-Setepnere; Son of Re; Ramses-Meriamon. The stand which his majesty made while he was camping on the northwest of Kadesh. He charged into the midst of the foe belonging to the vanquished chief of Kheta, while he was alone by himself, and no other with him. He found surrounding him 2,500 horse in four bodies on his every side. He slaughtered them, making (them) heaps beneath his horses. He slew all the chiefs of all the countries, the allies of the vanquished chief of Kheta, together with his own great chiefs, his infantry and his chariotry. He overthrew them prostrate upon their faces, and hurled them down, one upon another into the waters of the Orontes. His majesty was behind them like a fierce-eyed lion ... in their place. Lo, the vanquished chief of Kheta stood extending backward his arms in praise of the Good God. (Among the fleeing enemy) Tergen .... Tergenenes, charioteer of the vanquished chief of Kheta. The great horse of his majesty: “Victory-in-Thebes;” of the great stable: “Usermare-Setepnere-Beloved-of-Amon.” Kemeth, chief of the Warriors. ...es, charioteer of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Tergetetethes, chief of the archers of the Thebes. Kherpesar, scribe of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Egem, chief of the archers of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Teyeder, chief of the bodyguard of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Peyes, charioteer of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Gerbetes, chariot-warrior of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Semretes. Peyes, charioteer of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Teder, chief of the warriors. Methrem. Rebesnen, chief of the archers of Enenes. Septher, brother of the vanquished chief of Kheta. Thewethes, chief of the country of Tenes. Rebeyer. The wretched chief of Aleppo turned upside down by his soldiers, after his majesty hurled him into the water. Warriors, who are in front of the [commander], 8,000. Town of Kadesh. (By the king of Kheta) The vanquished, wretched chief of Kheta, standing before his infantry and chariotry with his face turned round, and his heart afraid. He went not forth to battle, for fear of his majesty, after he saw his majesty prevailing [against the vanquished chief] of Kheta and all the chiefs of all the countries [who] were with him. His majesty ... he overthrew them .... [The vanquished chief of Kheta] said: “He is like Sutekh, great in might; Baal is in his limbs.” (The defense of the camp, in front of the troops) The arrival of the recruits of Pharaoh, L. P. H., from the land of Amor. They found that the force of the vanquished chief of Kheta had surrounded the camp of his majesty on its western side. His majesty had been camping alone, no army with him, [awaiting the] arrival of his [officers] and his army and the division with which Pharaoh, L. P. H., was, had not finished setting up the camp. Now the division of Re and the division of Ptah were on the march; they had not (yet) arrived, and their officers were in the [forest] of Bewey. Then the recruits cut off the foe belonging to the vanquished chief of Kheta, while they (the foe) were entering into the camp, and Pharaoh’s officers slew them; they left not a single survivor among them. Their hearts were filled with the mighty valor of Pharaoh, their good lord; he was behind them like a steward of ..., like a wall of iron, forever and ever. (After the battle, officers bringing captives before the king) Bringing in prisoners before his majesty, being those which [he] brought off in the victory of his sword in this wretched land of Kheta, when his majesty caused to be [announced to] his infantry and his chariotry, saying: “[Behold, these are] the prisoners of my own capture, while I was alone, no infantry being with me, nor any prince with me, nor any chariotry.” (Beside a group of prisoners) List of those countries which his majesty slew, while alone by himself: Corpses, horses, and chariots, bows, swords, all the weapons of warfare. (Beside another group of prisoners) Receiving the prisoners which his majesty brought off, in the victory of his sword in this wretched land of Kheta and this wretched land [of] Naharin, together with the chiefs of all countries who came with the vanquished chief of Kheta, as living captives. (Over fleeing chariots) Warriors of ... the chariots of the camp of the vanquished chief of Kheta. (Abu Simbel, behind the chariot) The Good God, who fought for his army, whose sword repulsed the Nine Bows; king, mighty in victory, who has not his like; charging into the multitudes of every country, making them prostrate bodies. His face is fierce-eyed before the chief of Kheta, and the countries of Naharin .... (Abu Simbel, over the horses) Great first span of his majesty (named): “Mut-is-Satisfied,” of the great stable: “Usermare-Setepnere-Beloved-of-Amon.” (Karnak, presentation of captives to Amon) List of the chiefs of Kheta, which his majesty, L. P. H., brought as living captives to the house of his father, Amon: Derden, Pedes, Kele[kesh] .... ... [behind his majesty, by the] ... scribe, commander in chief of the army, Amenhirkhepeshef. ... [behind] his majesty, by the king’s-son, Khamwese. ... behind his majesty, by the king’s-son, Meriamon. ... behind his majesty, by the king’s-son, Seti. Captives from the northern countries, who came to overthrow his majesty, whom his majesty slew, and whose subjects he brought as living captives, to fill the storehouse of his father, Amon.

Texts in conversation

Compare Battle of Kadesh Inscriptions 3:4 and Exodus 27:13

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

A caption on the Kadesh carvings has the royal children fleeing to the west side of Ramses II's camp, which was the back of a camp facing east. Exodus 27 also faces the Tabernacle's courtyard east, with its entrance toward the sunrise.

Passages

Battle of Kadesh Inscriptions 3:4

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Poem and Bulletin of Ramses II
(The camp, over an official in a chariot) Arrival of the ... of Pharaoh, L. P. H., at ... the mother of the royal children, together with the ... of the divine mother ... fleeing to the west [side] of the camp ... before the foe.
1274 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Battle of Kadesh Inscriptions

Exodus 27:13

Hebrew Bible
9 “You are to make the courtyard of the tabernacle. For the south side there are to be hangings for the courtyard of fine twisted linen, 150 feet long for one side, 10 with 20 posts and their 20 bronze bases, with the hooks of the posts and their bands of silver. 11 Likewise for its length on the north side, there are to be hangings for 150 feet, with 20 posts and their 20 bronze bases, with silver hooks and bands on the posts. 12 The width of the court on the west side is to be 75 feet with hangings, with their 10 posts and their 10 bases. 13 The width of the court on the east side, toward the sunrise, is to be 75 feet. 14 The hangings on one side of the gate are to be 22½ feet long, with their three posts and their three bases. 15 On the second side there are to be hangings 22½ feet long, with their three posts and their three bases. 16 For the gate of the courtyard there is to be a curtain of 30 feet, of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine twisted linen, the work of an embroiderer, with four posts and their four bases.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

“... All of this matches the description of the Tabernacle and its camp in Exodus 25-27 (Figure 5). Moreover, Rameses's tent is oriented eastward. [...] The eastern orientation is known from a short inscription in the upper right-hand corner of the Ramesseum relief, which clearly states that the pursued princes arrive on the west end of camp, the camp's backside. See James H. Breasted, The Battle of Kadesh, pp. 35, 43, and Alan H. Gardiner, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramses II (Oxford, 1960): pp. 36-37. The frequent expression "waking in life in the tent of the pharaoh" signals the beginning of a new day, as Rameses, the son of the solar deity, wakes with the sunrise. [...] All of this disproves Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels, p. 37, who, following Graf, argued that the Tabernacle's eastern orientation meant that it was a fixed building, not a tent. ...”
Michael M. Homan, To Your Tents, O Israel!: The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East, CHANE 12 (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 113.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Battle of Kadesh Inscriptions 3:4 and Exodus 27:13

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library