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Atrahasis

About this book
Chapter 3

Atrahasis made his voice heard And spoke to his master, Indicate to me the meaning of the dream J let me find out its portent Enki made his voice heard And spoke to his servant, You say, I should find out in bed Make sure you attend to the message I shall tell you! Wall, listen constantly to me! Reed hut, make sure you attend to all my words! Dismantle the house, build a boat⁠ Reject possessions, and save living things. The boat that you build Roof it like the Apsu So that the Sun cannot see inside it! Make upper decks and lower decks. The tackle must be very strong, The bitumen strong, to give strength. I shall make rain fall on you here, A wealth of birds, a hamper of fish. He opened the sand clock and filled it, He told him the sand (needed) for the Flood was Seven nights worth. Atrahasis received the message. He gathered the elders at his door. Atrahasis made his voice heard And spoke to the elders, My god is out of favour with your god. Enki and [Ellil ] have become angry with each other. They have driven me out of [my house]. Since I always stand in awe of Enki, He told (me) of this matter. I can no longer stay in I cannot set my foot on Ellils territory (again). I must go down to the Apsu and stay] with (my) god. This is what he told me. The elders The carpenter [brought his axe,] The reed worker [brought his stone,] [A child brought] bitumen. The poor [fetched what was needed.] Everything there was Everything there was Pure ones Fat ones⁠ He selected [and put on board.] [The birds] that fly in the sky, Cattle [of Shak]kan, Wild animals of open country he put on board He invited his people to a feast.⁠ he put his family on board. They were eating, they were drinking. But he went in and out, Could not stay still or rest on his haunches, His heart was breaking and he was vomiting bile. The face of the weather changed. Adad bellowed from the clouds. When he (Atrahasis) heard his noise,⁠ Bitumen was brought and he sealed his door. While he was closing up his door Adad kept bellowing from the clouds. The winds were raging even as he went up (And) cut through the rope, he released the boat. Anzu was tearing at the sky with his talons, the land, He broke the Flood [came out] The kasiisu-weapon went against the people like an army. No one could see anyone else, They could not be recognized in the catastrophe. The Flood roared like a bull, Like a wild ass screaming the winds [howled] The darkness was total, there was no sun. like white sheep. of the Flood. the noise of the Flood. [Anu] went berserk, [The gods ] .. . his sons .. . before him As for Nintu the Great Mistress, Her lips became encrusted with rime. The great gods, the Anunna, Stayed parched and famished. The goddess watched and wept, Midwife of the gods, wise Mami: Let daylight.. . Let it return and ... However could I, in the assembly of gods, Have ordered such destruction with them? Ellil was strong enoughto give a wicked order Like Tiruru he ought to have cancelled that wicked order! I heard their cry levelled at me, Against myself, against my person. Beyond my control my offspring have become like white sheep. As for me, how am I to livein a house of bereavement? My noise has turned to silence. Could I go away, up to the sky And live as in a cloister? What was Anus intention as decision-maker? It was his command that the gods his sons obeyed, He who did not deliberate, but sent the Flood, He who gathered the people to catastrophe Nintu was wailing Would a true fatherhave given birth to the [rolling] sea (So that) they could clog the river like dragonflies They are washed uplike a raft on [a bank ], They are washed up like a raft on a bank in open country! I have seen, and wept over them! Shall I (ever) finish weeping for them? She wept, she gave vent to her feelings, Nintu wept and fuelled her passions. The gods wept with her for the country. She was sated with grief, she longed for beer (in vain). Where she sat weeping, (there the great gods) sat too, But, like sheep, could only fill their windpipes (with bleating). Thirsty as they were, their lips Discharged only the rime of famine. For seven days and seven nights⁠ The torrent, storm and flood came on. He put down⁠ Provided food The gods smelt the fragrance, Gathered like flies over the offering. When they had eaten the offering, Nintu got up and blamed them all, Whatever came over Anu who makes the decisions? Did Ellil (dare to) come for the smoke offering? (Those two) who did not deliberate, but sent the Flood Gathered the people to catastrophe- You agreed the destruction. (Now) their bright faces are dark (forever). Then she went up to the big flies 42 Which Anu had made, and (declared) before the gods His grief is mine! My destiny goes with his! He must deliver me from evil, and appease me! Let me go out in the morning Let these flies be the lapis lazuli of my necklace⁠ By which I may remember it daily [forever] The warrior Ellil spotted the boat And was furious with the Igigi. We, the great Anunna, all of us, Agreed together on an oath! No form of life should have escaped! How did any man survive the catastrophe? Anu made his voice heard And spoke to the warrior Ellil, Who but Enki would do this? He made sure that the [reed hut] disclosed the order. Enki made his voice heard And spoke to the great gods, I did it, in defiance of you! I made sure life was preserved Exact your punishment from the sinner. And whoever contradicts your order I have given vent to my feelings! Ellil made his voice heard And spoke to far-sighted Enki, Come, summon Nintu the womb-goddess! Confer with each other in the assembly. Enki made his voice heard And spoke to the womb-goddess Nintu, You are the womb-goddess who decrees destinies to the people. [Let one-third of them be] [Let another third of them be] In addition let there be one-third of the people, Among the people the woman who gives birth yet does Not give birth (successfully); Let there be the pasittu-demon among the people, To snatch the baby from its mothers lap. Establish ugbabtu, entu, egi~ltu-women How we sent the Flood. But a man survived the catastrophe. You are the counsellor of the gods; On your orders I created conflict. Let the Igigi listen to this song In order to praise you, And let them recordyour greatness. I shall sing of the Flood to all people Listen!

Texts in conversation

Compare Atrahasis and Genesis 7:16

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Atrahasis and Genesis echo many details, including sealing the boat before the flood. In Atrahasis, the hero closes the door as the winds rise, but in Genesis, God shuts it. Genesis also changes the order of boarding, with the family before the animals.

Passages

Atrahasis

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
Cattle [of Shak]kan, Wild animals of open country he put on board He invited his people to a feast. he put his family on board. They were eating, they were drinking. But he went in and out, Could not stay still or rest on his haunches, His heart was breaking and he was vomiting bile. The face of the weather changed. Adad bellowed from the clouds. When he (Atrahasis) heard his noise, Bitumen was brought and he sealed his door. While he was closing up his door Adad kept bellowing from the clouds. The winds were raging even as he went up (And) cut through the rope, he released the boat. Anzu was tearing at the sky with his talons, the land, He broke the Flood [came out] The kasiisu-weapon went against the people like an army. No one could see anyone else, They could not be recognized in the catastrophe.
1800–1701 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Atrahasis

Genesis 7:16

Hebrew Bible
14 They entered, along with every living creature after its kind, every animal after its kind, every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, everything with wings. 15 Pairs of all creatures that have the breath of life came into the ark to Noah. 16 Those that entered were male and female, just as God commanded him. Then the Lord shut him in. 17 The flood engulfed the earth for 40 days. As the waters increased, they lifted the ark and raised it above the earth. 18 The waters completely overwhelmed the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the waters.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

References

"... As the plot tension increases, the boat is loaded and sealed. Atrahasis is still fragmentary. Animals are gathered by Atrahasis (III.ii,32-38) but whether these are all creatures or only his own livestock is obscured. The tablet resumes with a banquet for "his people" and the family boards (III.ii.40-43). The section ends with a rare insight into the stress and emotional turmoil Atrahasis experiences (III.ii.45-47). When the weather changes, Atrahasis has pitch brought. He seals the door and cuts the ropes (III.ii.51-55). In Gilgamesh, an arduous launching of the boat precedes the loading, and the boat is already afloat before the flood starts (XI.76-79). Utnapishtim fends first for himself, loading his own goods, gold, silver, and livestock, followed by family, wild animals and craftsmen (XI.80-85). Utnapishtim does not divulge his feelings but does remind Gilgamesh of Ea's instructions (XI.86-91). Seeing the foreboding weather, Utnapishtim enters, granting the boatman who sealed the boat, his palace with all its goods (XI.93-95). If the boatman is on the outside, this is a short-lived consolation for being left behind. However, it is possible that the boatman is on board, and gains his inheritance once Utnapishtim and his wife are taken 'far-away' (XI.204-205). In the final form of Genesis, the making of the boat and its loading are separated by a further divine command to enter (7:1-4). In a reversal of the Mesopotamian accounts, the family's admission precedes the animals (7:7-9, 13-16) and there is no reference to material goods. Again, the inventory of animals, alongside the repetition arising from J and P, gives this section a greater weighting. Noah's inner thoughts and reactions remain a closed book and it is YHWH who shuts him in (7:16) ..."
Elizabeth Ann Harper, “It's All in the Name: Reading the Flood Narrative through the Lens of Genesis 5:29 (Noah's Naming)” (PhD diss., Durham University, 2013), 72.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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