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Apocalypse of Zephaniah

About this book

Judgment in Hades

Chapter 6

1 Again I turned back and saw a great sea. 2 I thought it was a sea of water, but I found that it was a whole sea of fire, like mud that throws out much fire,⁠ and its waves glowed with sulphur and pitch. 3 They began to come toward me. 4 I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 5 When I saw it, I threw myself on my face before him to worship him. 6 I was very afraid and began to beg him to rescue me from this distress. 7 I groaned and said, "Eloi, Lord, Adonai Sabaoth, I beg you to rescue me from this distress that has come upon me." 8 At that hour I stood up and saw a great angel in front of me. His hair was loose like a lion's, his teeth stuck out of his mouth like a bear's, his hair was loose like women's hair, and his body was like a serpent's, and he wanted to swallow me. 9 When I saw him, I was so afraid of him that every part of my body trembled, and I threw myself on my face. 10 I could not stand, and I began to pray before the Lord Almighty: "You will rescue me from this distress, you who rescued Israel from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. You rescued Susanna from the hand of the wicked elders. You rescued the three holy men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, from the blazing, fiery furnace. I beg you to rescue me too from this distress."

Eremiel Refuses Worship

11 Then I got up and stood, and I saw a great angel standing in front of me. His face shone like the rays of the sun in its glory,⁠ and his face was like the face of one filled with his glory.⁠ 12 He wore what looked like a golden belt around his chest, and his feet were like brass glowing in the fire. 13 When I saw him, I was glad, because I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty;⁠ I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood⁠ that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld." 17 Then I asked him, "Who is the great angel standing there, the one I saw?" He answered, "This is the one who accuses people before the Lord."

Texts in conversation

Compare Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:2 and Chagigah 14b

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Rabbinic

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Summary

In the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, a sea of fire is mistaken for water during his apocalyptic tour. Rabbinic tradition in tractate Chagigah warns the sages who entered paradise not to call its gleaming marble water, sharing the danger of misinterpretation.

Passages

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:2

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 Again I turned back and saw a great sea. 2 I thought it was a sea of water, but I found that it was a whole sea of fire, like mud that throws out much fire, and its waves glowed with sulphur and pitch. 3 They began to come toward me. 4 I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me.
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

Chagigah 14b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
§ The Sages taught: Four entered the orchard [pardes], i.e., dealt with the loftiest secrets of Torah, and they are as follows: Ben Azzai; and ben Zoma; Aḥer, the other, a name for Elisha ben Avuya; and Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Akiva, the senior among them, said to them: When, upon your arrival in the upper worlds, you reach pure marble stones, do not say: Water, water, although they appear to be water, because it is stated: “He who speaks falsehood shall not be established before My eyes” (Psalms 101:7). The Gemara proceeds to relate what happened to each of them: Ben Azzai glimpsed at the Divine Presence and died. And with regard to him the verse states: “Precious in the eyes of the Lord is the death of His pious ones” (Psalms 116:15). Ben Zoma glimpsed at the Divine Presence and was harmed, i.e., he lost his mind. And with regard to him the verse states: “Have you found honey? Eat as much as is sufficient for you, lest you become full from it and vomit it” (Proverbs 25:16). Aḥer chopped down the shoots of saplings. In other words, he became a heretic. Rabbi Akiva came out safely.
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Chagigah

References

... When he first sees the sea, Zephaniah thinks that it is a sea of water, but he quickly discovers that it is really a sea of fire and slime. Immediately after, Zephaniah mistakes two different angels for God. An echo of a similar incident is preserved in the famous passage in the Babylonian Talmud, Ḩagigah 14b: ‘Our rabbis taught: Four entered paradise, and they are ben Azai and ben Zoma, Aḥer, and Rabbi Aqiba. Rabbi Aqiba said to them, “When you arrive at pure marble stone, don’t say, ‘Water, water,’ as it is said, ‘None who speaks lies shall come into my presence’” (Psalms 101:7).’ ...
Martha Himmelfarb, Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 153–154.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:2 and Chagigah 14b

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