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Apocalypse of Zephaniah

About this book

Judgment in Hades

Chapter 6

1 Again I turned back and saw a great sea. 2 I thought it was a sea of water, but I found that it was a whole sea of fire, like mud that throws out much fire,⁠ and its waves glowed with sulphur and pitch. 3 They began to come toward me. 4 I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 5 When I saw it, I threw myself on my face before him to worship him. 6 I was very afraid and began to beg him to rescue me from this distress. 7 I groaned and said, "Eloi, Lord, Adonai Sabaoth, I beg you to rescue me from this distress that has come upon me." 8 At that hour I stood up and saw a great angel in front of me. His hair was loose like a lion's, his teeth stuck out of his mouth like a bear's, his hair was loose like women's hair, and his body was like a serpent's, and he wanted to swallow me. 9 When I saw him, I was so afraid of him that every part of my body trembled, and I threw myself on my face. 10 I could not stand, and I began to pray before the Lord Almighty: "You will rescue me from this distress, you who rescued Israel from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. You rescued Susanna from the hand of the wicked elders. You rescued the three holy men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, from the blazing, fiery furnace. I beg you to rescue me too from this distress."

Eremiel Refuses Worship

11 Then I got up and stood, and I saw a great angel standing in front of me. His face shone like the rays of the sun in its glory,⁠ and his face was like the face of one filled with his glory.⁠ 12 He wore what looked like a golden belt around his chest, and his feet were like brass glowing in the fire. 13 When I saw him, I was glad, because I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty;⁠ I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood⁠ that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld." 17 Then I asked him, "Who is the great angel standing there, the one I saw?" He answered, "This is the one who accuses people before the Lord."

Texts in conversation

Compare Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15 and Revelation 22:9

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

In the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, the great angel Eremiel is confused for God and worshipped, but the angel refuses this and says he is not God. Revelation echoes this, where an angel stops John from worshiping him and directs him to worship God instead.

Passages

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
13 When I saw him, I was glad, because I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty; I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld." 17 Then I asked him, "Who is the great angel standing there, the one I saw?" He answered, "This is the one who accuses people before the Lord."
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

Revelation 22:9

New Testament
8 I, John, am the one who heard and saw these things, and when I heard and saw them, I threw myself down to worship at the feet of the angel who was showing them to me. 9 But he said to me, “Do not do this! I am a fellow servant with you and with your brothers the prophets, and with those who obey the words of this book. Worship God!” 10 Then he said to me, “Do not seal up the words of the prophecy contained in this book, because the time is near.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... In the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, the angelophany of "the great angel" Eremiel constitutes the first part of the refusal tradition narrative (6:11-12). In Revelation, the vision of the "one like a son of man" stands alone; a rejection of worship by Christ would, of course, have run counter to the author's wider understanding of Christology (compare 5:9-11-the hymn to God and to the Lamb). At the same time, unlike the Apocalypse of Zephaniah (compare 6:13-15), the desire to worship an angel and its sharp rejection in Revelation 19:10 and 22:8-9 are not narrated as subsequent to an epiphanic encounter. This comparison provides sufficient grounds for asking whether the author of the Apocalypse of John was aware of and adapted a refusal tradition in a fuller form. ..."
Loren T. Stuckenbruck, Angel Veneration and Christology: A Study in Early Judaism and in the Christology of the Apocalypse of John, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe 70 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995), 256–258.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15 and Revelation 22:9

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