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Apocalypse of Zephaniah

About this book

Judgment in Hades

Chapter 6

1 Again I turned back and saw a great sea. 2 I thought it was a sea of water, but I found that it was a whole sea of fire, like mud that throws out much fire,⁠ and its waves glowed with sulphur and pitch. 3 They began to come toward me. 4 I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 5 When I saw it, I threw myself on my face before him to worship him. 6 I was very afraid and began to beg him to rescue me from this distress. 7 I groaned and said, "Eloi, Lord, Adonai Sabaoth, I beg you to rescue me from this distress that has come upon me." 8 At that hour I stood up and saw a great angel in front of me. His hair was loose like a lion's, his teeth stuck out of his mouth like a bear's, his hair was loose like women's hair, and his body was like a serpent's, and he wanted to swallow me. 9 When I saw him, I was so afraid of him that every part of my body trembled, and I threw myself on my face. 10 I could not stand, and I began to pray before the Lord Almighty: "You will rescue me from this distress, you who rescued Israel from the hand of Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. You rescued Susanna from the hand of the wicked elders. You rescued the three holy men, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, from the blazing, fiery furnace. I beg you to rescue me too from this distress."

Eremiel Refuses Worship

11 Then I got up and stood, and I saw a great angel standing in front of me. His face shone like the rays of the sun in its glory,⁠ and his face was like the face of one filled with his glory.⁠ 12 He wore what looked like a golden belt around his chest, and his feet were like brass glowing in the fire. 13 When I saw him, I was glad, because I thought that the Lord Almighty had come to visit me. 14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty;⁠ I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood⁠ that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld." 17 Then I asked him, "Who is the great angel standing there, the one I saw?" He answered, "This is the one who accuses people before the Lord."

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 20:8 and Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch names Remiel as the angel God gave authority over those who rise from the dead. The Apocalypse of Zephaniah also uses the rare name for this angel, describing the great angel placed over the abyss and the underworld where all souls are held.

Passages

1 Enoch 20:8

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
5 Michael, one of the holy angels, namely, the one set over the best part of mankind and over chaos. 6 Saraqâêl, one of the holy angels, who is set over the spirits, who sin in the spirit. 7 Gabriel, one of the holy angels, who is over Paradise and the serpents and the Cherubim. 8 Remiel, one of the holy angels, whom God set over those who rise.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
14 I threw myself on my face and worshipped him. 15 He said to me, "Take care! Do not worship me. I am not the Lord Almighty; I am the great angel Eremiel, who is over the abyss and the underworld below, in whose hand all the souls have been shut up since the end of the Flood that came upon the earth, until this day." 16 Then I asked the angel, "What is this place I have come to?" He said to me, "This is the underworld."
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

References

... Of all the tours of hell the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, which is perhaps the most idiosyncratic, shows the closest links to some parts of the Book of the Watchers. The name of the archangel who appears to Zephaniah at his moment of need is Eremiel. This is not a common angelic name, but similar names appear in a few other texts. In 2 Baruch 55:3 the angel Ramiel is in charge of true visions. In 4 Ezra 4:36 the angel Jeremiel converses with Ezra about the souls in the chambers; his function is not explicitly noted. The Syriac version of 4 Ezra calls this angel Ramiel, as in 2 Baruch, also a Syriac text. 1 Enoch 20:8 mentions Remiel, the angel ‘whom God set over those who rise.’ In both 1 Enoch and 4 Ezra, these similarly named angels are associated with the fate of the dead. This makes probable some relationship to the angel Eremiel in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah. ...
Martha Himmelfarb, Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 151.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 20:8 and Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:15

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