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Apocalypse of Abraham

About this book

The Throne of Glory

Chapter 18

1 And while I was still reciting the song, the mouth of the fire which was on the surface rose high into the air. 2 And I heard a voice like the roaring of the sea; and it did not stop because of the great abundance of fire. 3 And as the fire rose higher and higher, I saw under the fire a throne of fire, and all-seeing beings around it, reciting the song, and under the throne four fiery living creatures singing, 4 and they all looked alike, each one of them with four faces.⁠ 5 And their faces looked like those of a lion, a man, an ox, and an eagle.⁠ Four heads [were on their bodies] [so that the four creatures had sixteen faces]; 6 and each had six wings; from their shoulders, [and their sides] and their hips. 7 And with the (two) wings from their shoulders they covered their faces, and with the (two) wings which (sprang) from their hips they covered their feet, while they spread the (two) middle wings to fly straight ahead.⁠ 8 And when they had finished singing, they looked at one another and threatened one another. 9 And when the angel who was with me saw that they were threatening each other, he left me and went running to them 10 and turned the face of each living creature away from the face directly opposite it, so that they could not see each other's threatening faces. 11 And he taught them the song of peace which has its origin [in the Eternal One]. 12 And as I stood alone and looked, I saw behind the living creatures a chariot with fiery wheels, each wheel full of eyes all around; 13 and over the wheels was a throne that I saw, and it was covered with fire, and fire encircled it all around,⁠ and look, an indescribable light surrounded a fiery crowd. 14 And I heard its holy voice like the voice of a man.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 1:10 and Apocalypse of Abraham 18:5

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

In Ezekiel, each of the four living creatures has the faces of a human, lion, ox, and eagle. The Apocalypse of Abraham echoes these faces, but its living creatures also sing, and Jaoel has to calm them when they threaten each other.

Passages

Ezekiel 1:10

Hebrew Bible
10 Their faces had this appearance: Each of the four had the face of a man, with the face of a lion on the right, the face of an ox on the left, and also the face of an eagle. 11 Their wings were spread out above them; each had two wings touching the wings of one of the other beings on either side and two wings covering their bodies. 12 Each moved straight ahead—wherever the spirit would go, they would go, without turning as they went. 13 In the middle of the living beings was something like burning coals of fire or like torches. It moved back and forth among the living beings. It was bright, and lightning was flashing out of the fire. 14 The living beings moved backward and forward as quickly as flashes of lightning.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Apocalypse of Abraham 18:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
3 And as the fire rose higher and higher, I saw under the fire a throne of fire, and all-seeing beings around it, reciting the song, and under the throne four fiery living creatures singing, 4 and they all looked alike, each one of them with four faces. 5 And their faces looked like those of a lion, a man, an ox, and an eagle. Four heads [were on their bodies] [so that the four creatures had sixteen faces]; 6 and each had six wings; from their shoulders, [and their sides] and their hips. 7 And with the (two) wings from their shoulders they covered their faces, and with the (two) wings which (sprang) from their hips they covered their feet, while they spread the (two) middle wings to fly straight ahead.
70–150 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Abraham

References

“... 18.1–14 As in hekhalot literature, a song precedes a vision of the Throne of Glory. Here it is com- bined from details found in Ezek. 1 and 1 En. 14 with some additions: fire and “the sound of their kedushah”; a chariot form of the Throne; fiery Wheels reciting songs; four Living Creatures with four different faces each carry the Throne and sing; they threaten each other and Yahoel recon- ciles them (again by teaching them a song). ...”
Alexander Kulik, “Apocalypse of Abraham,” in Outside the Bible: Ancient Jewish Writings Related to Scripture, ed. James L. Kugel Louis H. Feldman and Lawrence H. Schiffman (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2013), 1468.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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