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Amos

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Listen to this message, you cows of Bashan who live on Mount Samaria! You oppress the poor; you crush the needy. You say to your husbands, “Bring us more to drink!” 2 The Sovereign Lord confirms this oath by his own holy character: “Certainly the time is approaching when you will be carried away in baskets, every last one of you in fishermen’s pots. 3 Each of you will go straight through the gaps in the walls; you will be thrown out toward Harmon.” The Lord is speaking. 4 “Go to Bethel and rebel! At Gilgal rebel some more!⁠ Bring your sacrifices in the morning, your tithes on the third day! 5 Burn a thank offering of bread made with yeast!⁠ Make a public display of your voluntary offerings! For you love to do this, you Israelites.”⁠ The Sovereign Lord is speaking. 6 “But surely I gave you no food to eat in all your cities; you lacked food everywhere you lived. Still you did not come back to me.” The Lord is speaking. 7 “I withheld rain from you three months before the harvest. I gave rain to one city, but not to another. One field would get rain, but the field that received no rain dried up.⁠ 8 People from two or three cities staggered into one city to get water, but remained thirsty. Still you did not come back to me.” The Lord is speaking. 9 “I destroyed your crops with blight and disease. Locusts kept devouring your orchards, vineyards, fig trees, and olive trees. Still you did not come back to me.”⁠ The Lord is speaking. 10 “I sent against you a plague like one of the Egyptian plagues. I killed your young men with the sword, along with the horses you had captured. I made the stench from the corpses rise up into your nostrils. Still you did not come back to me.” The Lord is speaking. 11 “I overthrew some of you the way God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. You were like a burning stick snatched from the flames.⁠ Still you did not come back to me.” The Lord is speaking. 12 “Therefore this is what I will do to you, Israel. Because I will do this to you, prepare to meet your God, Israel!” 13 For here he is! He formed the mountains and created the wind.⁠ He reveals his plans to men.⁠ He turns the dawn into darkness and marches on the heights of the earth.⁠ The Lord God of Heaven’s Armies is his name!

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 2:11 and Amos 4:5

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Amos depicts God giving ironic commands to Israel, urging the people to continue their sinful offerings at Bethel and Gilgal as they remain rebellious. This includes giving offerings made with yeast, which Leviticus strictly forbids.

Passages

Leviticus 2:11

Hebrew Bible
9 Then the priest must take up from the grain offering its memorial portion and offer it up in smoke on the altar—it is a gift of a soothing aroma to the Lord. 10 The remainder of the grain offering belongs to Aaron and to his sons—it is most holy from the gifts of the Lord. 11 “‘No grain offering which you present to the Lord can be made with yeast, for you must not offer up in smoke any yeast or honey as a gift to the Lord. 12 You can present them to the Lord as an offering of firstfruit, but they must not go up to the altar for a soothing aroma. 13 Moreover, you must season every one of your grain offerings with salt; you must not allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be missing from your grain offering—on every one of your grain offerings you must present salt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Amos 4:5

Hebrew Bible
3 Each of you will go straight through the gaps in the walls; you will be thrown out toward Harmon.” The Lord is speaking. 4 “Go to Bethel and rebel! At Gilgal rebel some more! Bring your sacrifices in the morning, your tithes on the third day! 5 Burn a thank offering of bread made with yeast! Make a public display of your voluntary offerings! For you love to do this, you Israelites.” The Sovereign Lord is speaking. 6 “But surely I gave you no food to eat in all your cities; you lacked food everywhere you lived. Still you did not come back to me.” The Lord is speaking. 7 “I withheld rain from you three months before the harvest. I gave rain to one city, but not to another. One field would get rain, but the field that received no rain dried up.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Amos

References

"... Unlike other figures of speech, irony is not easily identified, and it is more difficult to comprehend its meaning in the Scriptures. A text with irony makes it more complex for the implied reader to understand the speaker’s utterance, than it does for the intended audience, that could at least associate the appropriate irony of their time with its techniques of communication for better interpretation ... we have discovered at least nine figures of speech; and irony has been used in the book very frequently. This shows that Amos’s discourses were much influenced by the stylistic device of irony. Beyond ironised figures of thought, ironic metaphor, ironic simile, ironic wordplay and irony use of rhetorical, irony has been used in its diverse characteristics as ‘irony of encouragement’ (Amos 4:4–5), ‘irony of mockery’ (Amos 4:4–5), ‘irony of benediction’ (Amos 4:4–5), ‘irony of ambiguity’ (Amos 4:6–11), ‘irony of doxology’ (Amos 4:13, 5:8–9, 9:5–6) and ‘dramatic or situational irony’ (Amos 5:18–20; 6:9–10; 8:4–6; 9:1). Stylistically, one can observe how much the expression of irony has dominated the oracles of Amos ..."
Berhane K. Melles and Bill Domeris, “Irony as a Literary Stylistic Device in Amos’s Choice of Metaphors,” Conspectus 28 (2019): 5–17.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 2:11 and Amos 4:5

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