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Amos

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Listen, you Israelites, to this message that the Lord is proclaiming against you! This message is for the entire clan I brought up from the land of Egypt: 2 “I have chosen you alone from all the clans of the earth. Therefore I will punish you for all your sins.” 3 Do two walk together without having met? 4 Does a lion roar in the woods if he has not cornered his prey? Does a young lion bellow from his den if he has not caught something? 5 Does a bird swoop down into a trap on the ground if there is no bait? Does a trap spring up from the ground unless it has surely caught something?⁠ 6 If an alarm sounds in a city, do people not fear? If disaster overtakes a city, is the Lord not responsible? 7 Certainly the Sovereign Lord does nothing without first revealing his plan to his servants the prophets.⁠ 8 A lion has roared! Who is not afraid? The Sovereign Lord has spoken. Who can refuse to prophesy? 9 Make this announcement in the fortresses of Ashdod and in the fortresses in the land of Egypt. Say this: “Gather on the hills around Samaria! Observe the many acts of violence taking place within the city, the oppressive deeds occurring in it.” 10 “They do not know how to do what is right,” the Lord says. “They store up the spoils of destructive violence in their fortresses. 11 Therefore,” says the Sovereign Lord, “an enemy will encircle the land. He will take away your power; your fortresses will be looted.” 12 This is what the Lord says: “Just as a shepherd salvages from the lion’s mouth a couple of leg bones or a piece of an ear, so the Israelites who live in Samaria will be salvaged. They will be left with just a corner of a bed, and a part of a couch.⁠ 13 Listen and warn the family of Jacob!” The Sovereign Lord, the God who commands armies, is speaking! 14 “Certainly when I punish Israel for their covenant transgressions, I will destroy Bethel’s altars. The horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground. 15 I will destroy both the winter and summer houses. The houses filled with ivory will be ruined; the great houses will be swept away.” The Lord is speaking!

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi §266 and Amos 3:12

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Amos echoes language from the Code of Hammurabi, where a shepherd uses scraps of a lion’s prey to avoid blame. In Amos, those scraps become proof of Samaria’s destruction, not survival.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi §266

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
264 If a herdsman who has been entrusted with cattle or sheep to tend, and who has received his agreed wages and is satisfied, lets the number of cattle or sheep decrease or lessens the rate of increase by birth, he shall make good the increase or profit lost, according to the terms of his agreement. 265 If a herdsman entrusted with the care of cattle or sheep acts fraudulently, falsifies the natural increase, or sells the animals for money, he shall be convicted and shall repay the owner ten times his loss. 266 If an act of a god occurs in the stable and an animal dies, or a lion kills it, the herdsman shall declare his innocence before the god, and the owner bears the loss in the stable.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Amos 3:12

Hebrew Bible
12 This is what the Lord says: “Just as a shepherd salvages from the lion’s mouth a couple of leg bones or a piece of an ear, so the Israelites who live in Samaria will be salvaged. They will be left with just a corner of a bed, and a part of a couch. 13 Listen and warn the family of Jacob!” The Sovereign Lord, the God who commands armies, is speaking! 14 “Certainly when I punish Israel for their covenant transgressions, I will destroy Bethel’s altars. The horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground. 15 I will destroy both the winter and summer houses. The houses filled with ivory will be ruined; the great houses will be swept away.” The Lord is speaking!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Amos

References

“... 3:12. shepherd’s responsibility. The legal codes of ancient Mesopotamia (including the Sumerian Law Code, Hammurabi’s Code and the Hittite Laws) each contained a clause designed to aid shepherds who have lost an animal to a lion or other predator. The shepherd gave his testimony and took an oath before the gods. Presumably, if there was any physical evidence to display, such as “a piece of an ear,” then this would also have been brought forward. In that way the shepherd would be above suspicion of theft. The pieces he brought did not suggest survival but were proof of destruction. ...”
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 768.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi §266 and Amos 3:12

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