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Acts

About this book

Pentecost and the Coming of the Spirit

Chapter 2

1 Now when the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place.⁠ 2 Suddenly a sound like a violent wind blowing came from heaven and filled the entire house where they were sitting. 3 And tongues spreading out like a fire appeared to them and came to rest on each one of them.⁠ 4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit, and they began to speak in other languages⁠ as the Spirit enabled them.⁠ 5 Now there were devout Jews from every nation under heaven residing in Jerusalem. 6 When this sound occurred, a crowd gathered and was in confusion because each one heard them speaking in his own language.⁠ 7 Completely baffled, they said, “Aren’t all these who are speaking Galileans? 8 And how is it that each one of us hears them in our own native language? 9 Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and the province of Asia, 10 Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, 11 both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabs—we hear them speaking in our own languages about the great deeds God has done!”⁠ 12 All were astounded and greatly confused, saying to one another, “What does this mean?” 13 But others jeered at the speakers, saying, “They are drunk on new wine!”

Peter's Pentecost Speech

14 But Peter stood up with the eleven, raised his voice, and addressed them: “You men of Judea and all you who live in Jerusalem, know this and listen carefully to what I say. 15 In spite of what you think, these men are not drunk, for it is only nine o’clock in the morning. 16 But this is what was spoken about through the prophet Joel: 17 ‘And in the last days it will be,’ God says, ‘that I will pour out my Spirit on all people, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy,⁠ and your young men will see visions, and your old men will dream dreams. 18 Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy. 19 And I will perform wonders in the sky aboveand miraculous signs on the earth below,⁠ blood and fire and clouds of smoke. 20 The sun will be changed to darkness and the moon to blood before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes. 21 And then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.’ 22 “Men of Israel, listen to these words: Jesus the Nazarene, a man clearly attested to you by God with powerful deeds, wonders, and miraculous signs that God performed among you through him, just as you yourselves know— 23 this man, who was handed over by the predetermined plan and foreknowledge of God, you executed by nailing him to a cross at the hands of Gentiles. 24 But God raised him up, having released him from the pains of death because it was not possible for him to be held in its power.⁠ 25 For David says about him, ‘I saw the Lord always in front of me, for he is at my right hand so that I will not be shaken. 26 Therefore my heart was glad and my tongue rejoiced; my body also will live in hope, 27 because you will not leave my soul in Hades, nor permit your Holy One to experience decay.⁠ 28 You have made known to me the paths of life; you will make me full of joy with your presence.’ 29 “Brothers, I can speak confidently to you about our forefather David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. 30 So then, because he was a prophet and knew that God had sworn to him with an oath to seat one of his descendants on his throne,⁠ 31 David by foreseeing this spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, that he was neither abandoned to Hades, nor did his body experience decay. 32 This Jesus God raised up, and we are all witnesses of it. 33 So then, exalted to the right hand of God, and having received the promise of the Holy Spirit from the Father, he has poured out what you both see and hear. 34 For David did not ascend into heaven, but he himself says, ‘The Lord said to my lord, “Sit at my right hand 35 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.”’ 36 Therefore let all the house of Israel know beyond a doubt that God has made this Jesus whom you crucified both Lord and Christ.”

The Crowd's Response and Baptism

37 Now when they heard this, they were acutely distressed and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “What should we do, brothers?”⁠ 38 Peter said to them, “Repent, and each one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 39 For the promise is for you and your children, and for all who are far away, as many as the Lord our God will call to himself.” 40 With many other words he testified and exhorted them saying, “Save yourselves from this perverse generation!” 41 So those who accepted his message were baptized, and that day about 3,000 people were added.

Shared Life in the Jerusalem Community

42 They were devoting themselves to the apostles’ teaching and to fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayer. 43 Reverential awe came over everyone, and many wonders and miraculous signs came about by the apostles. 44 All who believed were together and held everything in common,⁠ 45 and they began selling their property and possessions and distributing the proceeds to everyone, as anyone had need.⁠ 46 Every day they continued to gather together by common consent in the temple courts, breaking bread from house to house, sharing their food with glad and humble hearts, 47 praising God and having the good will of all the people. And the Lord was adding to their number every day those who were being saved.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 22:9 and Acts 2:4

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · New Testament

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Summary

Acts describes the giving of the Spirit at Pentecost, a festival celebrated in the Second Temple period as the time when Abraham’s descendants were elected as God’s people, following a similar tradition found in Jubilees.

Passages

Jubilees 22:9

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
7 'And now I give thanks to You, my God, because You have caused me to see this day: look, I am one hundred and seventy-five years, an old man and having lived a full life, and all my days have been peace to me. 8 The sword of the adversary has not overcome me in all that You have given me and my children all the days of my life until this day. 9 My God, may Your mercy and Your peace be upon Your servant, and upon the descendants of his sons, so that they may be to You a chosen nation and an inheritance from among all the nations of the earth from now on to all the days of the generations of the earth, to all the ages.' 10 And he called Jacob and said: 'My son Jacob, may the God of all bless you and strengthen you to do righteousness, and His will before Him, and may He choose you and your descendants so that you may become a people for His inheritance according to His will always. And you, my son, Jacob, come close and kiss me.'
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Acts 2:4

New Testament
1 Now when the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. 2 Suddenly a sound like a violent wind blowing came from heaven and filled the entire house where they were sitting. 3 And tongues spreading out like a fire appeared to them and came to rest on each one of them. 4 All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit, and they began to speak in other languages as the Spirit enabled them. 5 Now there were devout Jews from every nation under heaven residing in Jerusalem. 6 When this sound occurred, a crowd gathered and was in confusion because each one heard them speaking in his own language. 7 Completely baffled, they said, “Aren’t all these who are speaking Galileans?
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Acts

References

"... This mighty act of God occurs about ten days after Jesus’s ascension, on the Jewish Feast of Pentecost. The timing is significant in two distinct ways. Originally this feast was a time for Israel to bring the firstfruits of its harvest to God in anticipation of the whole crop that would be gathered in (Exodus 23:16; Deuteronomy 16:9–12). God chooses this day to give the Spirit, which is the firstfruits of the coming kingdom of God (compare Romans 8:23). By the second century before Christ, the Feast of Pentecost had lost its original focus as a harvest festival. Instead, it celebrated the promise God had given to Abraham, that his descendants “might become an elect people ... and an inheritance from all of the nations of the earth from henceforth and for all the days of the generations of the earth forever.” (This description of the Feast of Pentecost comes from Jubilees 22:9, a Jewish document written in the second century BC) Thus, in Jesus’s day the Feast of Pentecost celebrated the covenant renewal of Israel and the inclusion of the nations within the covenant made between God and Abraham. Now, at this Feast of Pentecost, the Spirit comes in fulfillment of that expectation and hope ..."
Craig G. Bartholomew and Michael W. Goheen, The Drama of Scripture: Finding Our Place in the Biblical Story, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2014), 188–189.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 22:9 and Acts 2:4

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