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4Q544

Visions of Amram

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Fragment 1

1 Qahat there, to stay and to dwell and to build [the tombs of our fathers … and many men from among the sons of my uncle went up with us together … every] 2 man, and of our work there was a very great deal, until [the dead should be buried. In the first year of my authority, when there was a frightening rumor of war, our company turned back to the land of Egypt, and I went up to bury them] 3 quickly, but they had not built the tombs of their fathers. [And my father Qahat and my wife Jochebed left me to stay and to build and to take for them all that they needed from the land of Canaan. And we dwelt in Hebron] 4 while we were building. And there was war between [Philistia and Egypt,⁠ and Philistia and Canaan were prevailing over Egypt …] 5 And they closed the [borders of] Egypt, and it was not possible [for my wife Jochebed to come from Egypt to Canaan …] 6 for forty-one years. And we were not able to [return to Egypt … therefore not … the war] 7 between Egypt and Canaan and Philistia. And [during] all this, [Jochebed] my wife [was far from me in the land of Egypt … my charge … who with me] 8 was not. And I did [not] take another wife [for myself]. And women […] 9 all, that I would return to Egypt in peace and see the face of my wife [… and I was looking at the angels whom I saw] 10 in my vision, the vision of the dream. And behold, two were arguing over me⁠ and saying [… of his] 11 and they were holding a great dispute over me.⁠ And I asked them, “Who are you, that you thus [have power over me?” … And they said to me, “We] 12 [thus] are rulers, and rule over all the sons of Adam.” And they said to me, “Which of us do you⁠ [seek to be ruled by?” And behold, I lifted my eyes and saw,] 13 [and one] of them, his appearance was dreadful like a serpent, [and all] his clothing was many-colored,⁠ and he was dark with darkness. [His face …] 14 [And the other, I looked,] and behold … […] in his appearance, and his face was smiling, and [he was covered with clothing …] 15 [exceedingly, and above his eyes …]

Texts in conversation

Compare 4Q544 1:11 and Jude 1:9

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · New Testament

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Summary

In 4Q544 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, two angels dispute who should rule Amram while he is alive. Jude describes Michael and the devil disputing over Moses’ body, drawing on the same tradition of angels contesting authority over a person.

Passages

4Q544 1:11

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · Visions of Amram
9 all, that I would return to Egypt in peace and see the face of my wife [… and I was looking at the angels whom I saw] 10 in my vision, the vision of the dream. And behold, two were arguing over me and saying [… of his] 11 and they were holding a great dispute over me. And I asked them, “Who are you, that you thus [have power over me?” … And they said to me, “We] 12 [thus] are rulers, and rule over all the sons of Adam.” And they said to me, “Which of us do you [seek to be ruled by?” And behold, I lifted my eyes and saw,] 13 [and one] of them, his appearance was dreadful like a serpent, [and all] his clothing was many-colored, and he was dark with darkness. [His face …] 14 [And the other, I looked,] and behold … […] in his appearance, and his face was smiling, and [he was covered with clothing …]
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q544

Jude 1:9

New Testament
8 Yet these men, as a result of their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and insult the glorious ones. 9 But even when Michael the archangel was arguing with the devil and debating with him concerning Moses’ body, he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!” 10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend.
60–80 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jude

References

“... The similarity is not accidental, but we need not conclude, as Milik does, that Jude's source was inspired by qQAmram. The similarity can be adequately explained by the broader tradition of contests between the devil and the chief of the angels, in which the courtroom context of legal dispute, accusation and defence, gives rise to this kind of language. [...] But it is better to see Jude 9 as a specific instance of the general tradition of contests between the devil and the angel, 4QAmram as another specific instance of this general tradition, and Berger's tradition of texts about the fate of the soul at death as a particular form which that tradition took, perhaps at a date later than the time of writing of Jude's source and certainly without any direct relation to Jude's source. ...”
Richard Bauckham, Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church (London: T&T Clark International, 2004), 248–249.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4Q544 1:11 and Jude 1:9

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