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4Q398

4QMMT/The Halakhic Letter

About this book

Fragments 11-13

1 [the blessings that] came … in the days of Solomon son of David,⁠ and also the curses 2 that came in the days of Jeroboam son of Nebat and until the exile of Jerusalem⁠ and Zedekiah king of Judah, 3 that he would bring them to […] And we recognize that some of the blessings and the curses have come 4 that are written in the book of Moses. And this is the last days, when they will return in Israel 5 [forever …] and will not turn back. And the wicked will act wickedly, and … 6 and … […] Remember the kings of Israel and consider their deeds: that whoever among them 7 feared [the … of the] Torah was delivered from troubles, and they were seekers of the Torah.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Kings 3:14 and 4Q398 11–13 1

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Torah and Temple Practices

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Summary

In 1 Kings, God promises Solomon long life if he obeys the commandments. In 4Q398 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, Solomon’s reign becomes an example of blessings fulfilled, urging readers to follow the Torah.

Passages

1 Kings 3:14

Hebrew Bible
10 The Lord was pleased that Solomon made this request. 11 God said to him, “Because you asked for the ability to make wise judicial decisions, and not for long life, or riches, or vengeance on your enemies, 12 I grant your request and give you a wise and discerning mind superior to that of anyone who has preceded or will succeed you. 13 Furthermore, I am giving you what you did not request—riches and honor so that you will be the greatest king of your generation. 14 If you follow my instructions by obeying my rules and regulations, just as your father David did, then I will grant you long life.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

4Q398 11–13 1

Dead Sea Scrolls, Torah and Temple Practices · 4QMMT/The Halakhic Letter
1 [the blessings that] came … in the days of Solomon son of David, and also the curses 2 that came in the days of Jeroboam son of Nebat and until the exile of Jerusalem and Zedekiah king of Judah, 3 that he would bring them to […] And we recognize that some of the blessings and the curses have come 4 that are written in the book of Moses. And this is the last days, when they will return in Israel 5 [forever …] and will not turn back. And the wicked will act wickedly, and … 6 and … […] Remember the kings of Israel and consider their deeds: that whoever among them 7 feared [the … of the] Torah was delivered from troubles, and they were seekers of the Torah.
150–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q398

References

“... N. T. Wright (2002: 660–61) wishes to see the “end of exile” and eschatological blessing of Deut. 30 as it is taken up in 4QHalakhic Letter as the background to Paul’s appeal to the “nearness” of righteousness. Wright, however, fails to observe that in 4QHalakhic Letter it is not only the blessings that will come at the “end of days,” but also the curse (singular) (4Q398 14–17 I, 6–7). A “portion of the blessings and the curses” has come (4Q398 11–13, 3), but not all of them. The Qumran text proceeds from the emphatic prediction of Deuteronomy that all the blessings and curses will come upon Israel (Deut. 28:2, 15, 45; 29:21, 27). The defining pattern has been established in Solomon and Jeroboam, in whose days came, respectively, blessings and curses (1 Kings 3:10–14; 14:7–16). Curses were repeated in the exiles (plural) of Jerusalem and Zedekiah (4Q398 11–13, 1–2; 2 Kings 24:10– 17, 18–20; 2 Chron. 36:5–21). In view of the impending end time, the letter correspondingly issues its warning and appeal for adherence to the law where obedience is lacking: “We have written to you a portion of the works of the law that we regard as good for you and your people so that you might rejoice in the last time when you find (this) portion of our words so” (4Q398 14–17 II, 2–6 [cf. Deut. 10:13]). The Qumran halakhic letter, like most early Jewish writings, sees the pattern of Scripture recapitulated in the end time. Final blessing, which has not yet arrived, is contingent on obedience. The suggested parallel is nonexistent. ...”
Mark A. Seifrid, “Romans,” in Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament, ed. G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), PDF 1530.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Kings 3:14 and 4Q398 11–13 1

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