Texts in conversation

Compare Daniel 4:31 and 4Q242 1-3 1

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings

Summary

Daniel describes Nebuchadnezzar’s illness and recovery after seven periods, echoing the Prayer of Nabonidus in the Dead Sea Scroll 4Q242. Both feature a Babylonian king healed by a Jewish person, suggesting Daniel incorporated the same story tradition.

Passages

Daniel 4:31

Hebrew Bible

31 While these words were still on the king’s lips, a voice came down from heaven: “It is hereby announced to you, King Nebuchadnezzar, that your kingdom has been removed from you! 32 You will be driven from human society, and you will live with the wild animals. You will be fed grass like oxen, and seven periods of time will pass by for you before you understand that the Most High is ruler over human kingdoms and gives them to whomever he wishes.” 33 Now in that very moment this pronouncement about Nebuchadnezzar came true. He was driven from human society, he ate grass like oxen, and his body became damp with the dew of the sky, until his hair became long like an eagle’s feathers and his nails like a bird’s claws.

200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Daniel

4Q242 1-3 1

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · 4QPrayer of Nabonidus

1 The words of the prayer that Nabonidus, king of Babylon, the [great] king, prayed [when he was struck] 2 with a grievous skin disease by the decree of God in Teima. [I, Nabonidus, with a grievous skin disease] 3 was struck for seven years, and when God set [his face upon me, he healed me,] 4 and my sin an exorcist forgave. He was a Jew from [the exiles. He came to me and said,] 5 “Declare it and write it down, to give honor and greatness to the name of God [Most High.” And so I wrote:] 6 “I was struck with a grievous skin disease in Teima [by the decree of God Most High.] 7 For seven years I was praying [before] the gods of silver and gold, [bronze, iron,] 8 wood, stone, and clay, because [I thought] that they were gods […]

160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q242

References

"... The Prayer of Nabonidus (4QPrNab/4Q242) is a prayer attributed to the Babylonian king, Nabonidus, as reconstructed from four Aramaic fragments found at Qumran. The text is fragmentary, although scholars believe it to be as old as the 2nd century B.C.E. The Prayer of Nabonidus parallels the biblical episode in Daniel 4, in which King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon is afflicted for seven years and his condition is explained to him by Daniel. The Prayer of Nabonidus may have served as a source for the author of Daniel, or it may simply preserve an older version of the story ... Although the text is somewhat fragmentary, there are numerous similarities to the account concerning Nebuchadnezzar in Dan 4, who like Nabonidus, was also stricken by God with a debilitating condition until “seven times shall pass over” him. There are also some corresponding details, like the king having a dream which a Jewish exile interprets for him. The king’s references to the “gods of silver and gold” have a parallel in Daniel 5:23, where Daniel rebukes King Belshazzar saying, “You have praised the gods of silver and gold, of bronze, iron, wood, and stone, which do not see or hear or know; but the God in whose power is your very breath, and to whom belong all your ways, you have not honored”. However, there are also some noticeable differences, for example the nature of the king’s illness, and of course, the name of the king ..."

Jonathan W. Lo, “The Contours and Functions of Danielic References in the Gospel of Mark” (PhD diss., The University of Edinburgh, 2012), 92–93.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Fragments 1-3

4Q2422 chapters

Compare Daniel 4:31 and 4Q242 1-3 1

Summary

Passages

Daniel 4:31

4Q242 1-3 1

References

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