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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Call to Remain Faithful to the Torah

Chapter 18

1 Israelite children, descendants of the seed of Abraham, obey this law and be pious in every way, 2 knowing that religious reasoning is master of the emotions, not only of sufferings from within but also of those from outside. 3 So those who gave up their bodies to suffering for the sake of piety were not only admired by people, but were also counted worthy of a divine inheritance. 4 Because of them the nation gained peace, and by restoring obedience to the law in the homeland, they defeated the enemy. 5 The tyrant Antiochus was punished on earth, and is being punished now that he is dead. For when he was completely unable to force the people of Jerusalem to live like foreigners and abandon the customs of their ancestors, he left Jerusalem and marched against the Persians.

The Mother's Recollection of Her Family

6 The mother of the seven sons also spoke these righteous words to her children: 7 “I was a pure virgin⁠ and did not leave my father’s house, and I guarded the rib from which woman was built. 8 No seducer in the desert or deceiver in the field ruined me, nor did the seducer, the deceitful snake, defile the purity of my virginity.⁠ 9 I lived with my husband through the years of my youth, and when these sons had grown up, their father died. He was fortunate, for he lived a life blessed with children and never knew the grief of losing them. 10 While he was still with you, he taught you the law and the prophets. 11 He read to you about Abel killed by Cain, Isaac offered as a burnt offering, and Joseph in prison. 12 He told you about the zealous Phinehas, and taught you about Hananiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fire. 13 He praised Daniel in the lions’ den and called him blessed. 14 He reminded you of the scripture of Isaiah that says, “Even if you pass through fire, the flame will not burn you.”⁠ 15 He sang to you the words of David the psalmist, who says, “Many are the afflictions of the righteous.” 16 He quoted to you the proverb of Solomon, which says, “It is a tree of life for those who do his will.” 17 He used to confirm what Ezekiel said: “Will these dry bones live?”⁠ 18 Nor did he forget to teach you the song that Moses taught, which says, 19 ‘I kill and I make alive.’ This is your life and the length of your days.”

The Fate of the Tyrant and the Martyrs

20 How bitter was that day, and yet not bitter, when the bitter Greek tyrant quenched fire with fire in his cruel cauldrons, and in his boiling rage brought the seven sons of the daughter of Abraham to the torture machine and to all his tortures again! 21 He blinded the pupils of their eyes, cut out their tongues, and put them to death with various tortures. 22 For these crimes divine justice has pursued and will pursue the cursed tyrant. 23 But the sons of Abraham, together with their victorious mother, are gathered into the chorus of their ancestors, having received pure and immortal souls from God. 24 To him be glory forever and ever. Amen.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 18:24 and Galatians 1:5

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

Galatians begins with a blessing that gives glory to God forever, ending with “Amen,” a common pattern of prayer that is also used at the end of 4 Maccabees. This similarity shows how Paul was connected to Jewish literary and theological traditions.

Passages

4 Maccabees 18:24

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
20 How bitter was that day, and yet not bitter, when the bitter Greek tyrant quenched fire with fire in his cruel cauldrons, and in his boiling rage brought the seven sons of the daughter of Abraham to the torture machine and to all his tortures again! 21 He blinded the pupils of their eyes, cut out their tongues, and put them to death with various tortures. 22 For these crimes divine justice has pursued and will pursue the cursed tyrant. 23 But the sons of Abraham, together with their victorious mother, are gathered into the chorus of their ancestors, having received pure and immortal souls from God. 24 To him be glory forever and ever. Amen.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Galatians 1:5

New Testament
1 From Paul, an apostle (not from men, nor by human agency, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father who raised him from the dead) 2 and all the brothers with me, to the churches of Galatia. 3 Grace and peace to you from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ, 4 who gave himself for our sins to rescue us from this present evil age according to the will of our God and Father, 5 to whom be glory forever and ever! Amen.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... Paul’s final word is adelphoi, brothers and sisters. Despite the rebukes, Paul’s affection for them, reaffirmed throughout the letter by this Greek title (Galatians 1:11; 3:15; 4:12, 28, 31; 5:11, 13; 6:1), sounds the letter’s concluding note. Jewish books sometimes closed with “Amen.” (Whether this was added by the author or, more often, by an editor. See, e.g., 3 Maccabees 7:23; 4 Maccabees 18:24; 3 Baruch 17:4; the ends of books of psalms, Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52; 106:48) Some New Testament letters closed this way, but especially when they were closing with blessings (Romans 16:27; Jude 25; variant in Revelation 22:21); “Amen” was, of course, a good way to close a blessing (Rom 1:25; 9:5; 11:36; 15:33; Galatians 1:5), as here (Galatians 6:18) ..."
Craig S. Keener, Galatians, NCBC (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), 294.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 18:24 and Galatians 1:5

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