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4 Maccabees

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The Death of the Mother

Chapter 17

1 Some of the guards said that when she too was about to be seized and put to death, she threw herself into the fire so that no one would touch her body.⁠ 2 Mother, who together with your seven children broke the tyrant’s violence, made his evil plans useless, and showed the nobility of faith! 3 For like a roof set nobly on the pillars of your children, you held firm and did not sway under the earthquake of the tortures. 4 Take courage, then, holy-minded mother, and hold firmly to the hope of your endurance before God. 5 The moon in heaven with the stars is not as majestic as you, who lit the way to piety for your seven star-like sons. You are honored by God and set firmly with them in heaven.⁠ 6 For your children were descended from father Abraham.

Honor and Deliverance through the Martyrs

7 If it were permitted for us to paint the story of your piety as an artist would, wouldn’t those who saw it shudder at the sight of a mother of seven children enduring many kinds of tortures to the death for the sake of piety? 8 It would be fitting to inscribe these words on their tomb as a memorial for the people of our nation: 9 “Here lie buried an aged priest, an old woman, and seven sons, because of the violence of a tyrant who wanted to destroy the way of life of the Hebrews. 10 They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring tortures to the death.” 11 For it was truly a divine contest that they fought.⁠ 12 For on that day virtue was the judge of the contest, testing them for endurance, and the prize was immortality in endless life. 13 Eleazar fought first, the mother of the seven sons competed, and the brothers fought. 14 The tyrant was the opponent, and the world and all humanity were the spectators. 15 Reverence for God was victorious and crowned its own athletes. 16 Who did not admire the athletes of the divine law? Who was not amazed? 17 Even the tyrant himself and his whole council admired their endurance, 18 and because of it they now stand beside the divine throne and live the life of the blessed age. 19 For Moses says, “All the saints are under your hands.”⁠

The Martyrs' Deaths and the Deliverance of Israel

20 These, then, who have been consecrated for God’s sake, are honored not only with this honor, but also because through them the enemy did not overpower our nation, 21 the tyrant was punished, and the homeland was purified, since they became, as it were, a ransom for the sin of the nation. 22 And through the blood of those pious ones and their death as an atoning sacrifice,⁠ divine Providence saved Israel, which had previously been mistreated. 23 For when the tyrant Antiochus saw the courage of their virtue and their endurance under torture, he proclaimed their endurance to his soldiers as an example. 24 And so he had soldiers who were noble and brave in battle and in sieges, and he plundered and defeated all his enemies.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 17:5 and Matthew 13:43

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

4 Maccabees describes a mother who loses seven sons as greater than the moon and stars, standing with them in heaven. In Matthew, Jesus uses similar language to describe the faithful shining like the sun, following a similar tradition.

Passages

4 Maccabees 17:5

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
1 Some of the guards said that when she too was about to be seized and put to death, she threw herself into the fire so that no one would touch her body. 2 Mother, who together with your seven children broke the tyrant’s violence, made his evil plans useless, and showed the nobility of faith! 3 For like a roof set nobly on the pillars of your children, you held firm and did not sway under the earthquake of the tortures. 4 Take courage, then, holy-minded mother, and hold firmly to the hope of your endurance before God. 5 The moon in heaven with the stars is not as majestic as you, who lit the way to piety for your seven star-like sons. You are honored by God and set firmly with them in heaven. 6 For your children were descended from father Abraham.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Matthew 13:43

New Testament
36 Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples came to him saying, “Explain to us the parable of the darnel in the field.” 37 He answered, “The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man. 38 The field is the world and the good seed are the people of the kingdom. The poisonous weeds are the people of the evil one, 39 and the enemy who sows them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels. 40 As the poisonous weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be at the end of the age. 41 The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather from his kingdom everything that causes sin as well as all lawbreakers. 42 They will throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 43 Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. The one who has ears had better listen!
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... [the Similitudes of Enoch] does not explicitly identify angels and stars, instead claims that the righteous are radiant in heaven; as will be evident from being radiant and angelic is directly linked to the transformation of Moses at Sinai where Moses' face is described as being "radiant" after his meeting with God; other passages that describe the righteous dead as 'radiant', 'shining' or 'wearing light': Daniel 12:3; 4 Maccabees 17:5; 1 Enoch 39:7, 104:2; 2 Enoch 42:5, 65:10, 66:7 (J); 1 Baruch 4:30, 5:1-2; 2 Baruch 51:3, 4 Ezra 7:97. The description of the righteous dead as part of 'choirs' in the heavens in 3 Baruch 10:5 is also an astral designation, for the stars are described as a 'choir' in Euripides Electra 467; Plato, Phaedr. 247a7, Tim. 40c3, Epin. 982e4; Maximus of Tyre 16, 6d; Sibylline Oracles 8,450; Philo, Vita Mos. 2.239; compare 1 Clement 20:3; Ignatius Ephesians 19.2; and in Ignatius Ephesians 4.2 and Romans 2.2 the Church is compared to a choir ..."
Norman Ricklefs, “An Angelic Community: The Significance of Beliefs about Angels in the First Four Centuries of Christianity” (PhD diss., Macquarie University, 2002), 57.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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