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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Death of the Mother

Chapter 17

1 Some of the guards said that when she too was about to be seized and put to death, she threw herself into the fire so that no one would touch her body.⁠ 2 Mother, who together with your seven children broke the tyrant’s violence, made his evil plans useless, and showed the nobility of faith! 3 For like a roof set nobly on the pillars of your children, you held firm and did not sway under the earthquake of the tortures. 4 Take courage, then, holy-minded mother, and hold firmly to the hope of your endurance before God. 5 The moon in heaven with the stars is not as majestic as you, who lit the way to piety for your seven star-like sons. You are honored by God and set firmly with them in heaven.⁠ 6 For your children were descended from father Abraham.

Honor and Deliverance through the Martyrs

7 If it were permitted for us to paint the story of your piety as an artist would, wouldn’t those who saw it shudder at the sight of a mother of seven children enduring many kinds of tortures to the death for the sake of piety? 8 It would be fitting to inscribe these words on their tomb as a memorial for the people of our nation: 9 “Here lie buried an aged priest, an old woman, and seven sons, because of the violence of a tyrant who wanted to destroy the way of life of the Hebrews. 10 They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring tortures to the death.” 11 For it was truly a divine contest that they fought.⁠ 12 For on that day virtue was the judge of the contest, testing them for endurance, and the prize was immortality in endless life. 13 Eleazar fought first, the mother of the seven sons competed, and the brothers fought. 14 The tyrant was the opponent, and the world and all humanity were the spectators. 15 Reverence for God was victorious and crowned its own athletes. 16 Who did not admire the athletes of the divine law? Who was not amazed? 17 Even the tyrant himself and his whole council admired their endurance, 18 and because of it they now stand beside the divine throne and live the life of the blessed age. 19 For Moses says, “All the saints are under your hands.”⁠

The Martyrs' Deaths and the Deliverance of Israel

20 These, then, who have been consecrated for God’s sake, are honored not only with this honor, but also because through them the enemy did not overpower our nation, 21 the tyrant was punished, and the homeland was purified, since they became, as it were, a ransom for the sin of the nation. 22 And through the blood of those pious ones and their death as an atoning sacrifice,⁠ divine Providence saved Israel, which had previously been mistreated. 23 For when the tyrant Antiochus saw the courage of their virtue and their endurance under torture, he proclaimed their endurance to his soldiers as an example. 24 And so he had soldiers who were noble and brave in battle and in sieges, and he plundered and defeated all his enemies.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 17:14 and Hebrews 12:1

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

In Hebrews 12, readers are urged to run with endurance by looking to Jesus as inspiration, language that echoes 4 Maccabees where martyrs are described as contestants in a cosmic arena who endure by looking to God.

Passages

4 Maccabees 17:14

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
9 “Here lie buried an aged priest, an old woman, and seven sons, because of the violence of a tyrant who wanted to destroy the way of life of the Hebrews. 10 They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring tortures to the death.” 11 For it was truly a divine contest that they fought. 12 For on that day virtue was the judge of the contest, testing them for endurance, and the prize was immortality in endless life. 13 Eleazar fought first, the mother of the seven sons competed, and the brothers fought. 14 The tyrant was the opponent, and the world and all humanity were the spectators. 15 Reverence for God was victorious and crowned its own athletes.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Hebrews 12:1

New Testament
1 Therefore, since we are surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses, we must get rid of every weight and the sin that clings so closely, and run with endurance the race set out for us, 2 keeping our eyes fixed on Jesus, the pioneer and perfecter of our faith. For the joy set out for him he endured the cross, disregarding its shame, and has taken his seat at the right hand of the throne of God. 3 Think of him who endured such opposition against himself by sinners, so that you may not grow weary in your souls and give up. 4 You have not yet resisted to the point of bloodshed in your struggle against sin. 5 And have you forgotten the exhortation addressed to you as sons? “My son, do not scorn the Lord’s discipline or give up when he corrects you.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hebrews

References

"... Scholars never fail to observe that the Maccabean martyrs stand among the exemplars of faith in the Letter to the Hebrews (Hebrews 11:35), referring consistently and correctly to 2 Maccabees 6:18–7:42 (resurrection is featured in both, but is absent from 4 Maccabees; the verb used in Hebrews 11:35 for “torture” recalls specifically the τύμπαvov upon which Eleazar is executed in 2 Maccabees 6:19, 28; while “release” from torture is also prominent in 4 Maccabees 6:12–23; 9:16, it is not absent from 2 Maccabees, as in 7:1–2, 7). However, there are numerous connections with the tradition of the martyrs in 4 Maccabees as well throughout the sermon. Both conceive of πίστις in terms of faithfulness toward God and fixedness in regard to God’s promises, and all this specifically within the context of the inviolable obligations of beneficiaries to their benefactor (4 Maccabees 16:18–22; Hebrews 6:4–8, 12; 10:29–31, 39; 11:6; 12:28; 13:17). Hebrews also introduces the categories of “temporary” (πρόσκαιρov) versus “eternal” (usually in terms of “abiding,” “lasting”) throughout his discourse (see especially Hebrews 11:24–27), reflecting the same antithesis that figures so prominently in the martyrs’ deliberations (4 Maccabees 13:14–17; 15:2–8, 27). Pushing beyond conceptual to verbal parallels, the author of Hebrews calls his audience to enhance their endurance by looking away to Jesus (Hebrews 12:1–2), just as the martyrs had endured by looking away to God (εἰς θεòv ἀφoρῶvτες ... ὑπoμείvαvτες, 4 Maccabees 17:10). The example of Jesus, “who endured a cross, despising shame” (ὑπέμειvεv σταύρov αἰσχύvης καταφρovήσας, Hebrews 12:2), parallels Eleazar’s bold stance as he “endured the pains and scorned the compulsions” ..."
David A. DeSilva, 4 Maccabees: Introduction and Commentary on the Greek Text in Codex Sinaiticus, SEPT (Leiden: Brill, 2006), xxxiii.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 17:14 and Hebrews 12:1

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