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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Death of the Mother

Chapter 17

1 Some of the guards said that when she too was about to be seized and put to death, she threw herself into the fire so that no one would touch her body.⁠ 2 Mother, who together with your seven children broke the tyrant’s violence, made his evil plans useless, and showed the nobility of faith! 3 For like a roof set nobly on the pillars of your children, you held firm and did not sway under the earthquake of the tortures. 4 Take courage, then, holy-minded mother, and hold firmly to the hope of your endurance before God. 5 The moon in heaven with the stars is not as majestic as you, who lit the way to piety for your seven star-like sons. You are honored by God and set firmly with them in heaven.⁠ 6 For your children were descended from father Abraham.

Honor and Deliverance through the Martyrs

7 If it were permitted for us to paint the story of your piety as an artist would, wouldn’t those who saw it shudder at the sight of a mother of seven children enduring many kinds of tortures to the death for the sake of piety? 8 It would be fitting to inscribe these words on their tomb as a memorial for the people of our nation: 9 “Here lie buried an aged priest, an old woman, and seven sons, because of the violence of a tyrant who wanted to destroy the way of life of the Hebrews. 10 They vindicated their nation, looking to God and enduring tortures to the death.” 11 For it was truly a divine contest that they fought.⁠ 12 For on that day virtue was the judge of the contest, testing them for endurance, and the prize was immortality in endless life. 13 Eleazar fought first, the mother of the seven sons competed, and the brothers fought. 14 The tyrant was the opponent, and the world and all humanity were the spectators. 15 Reverence for God was victorious and crowned its own athletes. 16 Who did not admire the athletes of the divine law? Who was not amazed? 17 Even the tyrant himself and his whole council admired their endurance, 18 and because of it they now stand beside the divine throne and live the life of the blessed age. 19 For Moses says, “All the saints are under your hands.”⁠

The Martyrs' Deaths and the Deliverance of Israel

20 These, then, who have been consecrated for God’s sake, are honored not only with this honor, but also because through them the enemy did not overpower our nation, 21 the tyrant was punished, and the homeland was purified, since they became, as it were, a ransom for the sin of the nation. 22 And through the blood of those pious ones and their death as an atoning sacrifice,⁠ divine Providence saved Israel, which had previously been mistreated. 23 For when the tyrant Antiochus saw the courage of their virtue and their endurance under torture, he proclaimed their endurance to his soldiers as an example. 24 And so he had soldiers who were noble and brave in battle and in sieges, and he plundered and defeated all his enemies.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Maccabees 7:41 and 4 Maccabees 17:1

Deuterocanon · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

2 Maccabees closes the story of the seven martyred brothers by saying only that their mother died last of all. 4 Maccabees adds how she died, passing on the guards' report that she threw herself into the flames so that no one might touch her body.

Passages

2 Maccabees 7:41

Deuterocanon
39 But the king, falling into a rage, handled him worse than all the rest, being exasperated at his mocking. 40 So he also died pure, putting his whole trust in the Lord. 41 Last of all, after her sons, the mother died.
160–63 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Maccabees

4 Maccabees 17:1

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
1 Some of the guards said that when she too was about to be seized and put to death, she threw herself into the fire so that no one would touch her body. 2 Mother, who together with your seven children broke the tyrant’s violence, made his evil plans useless, and showed the nobility of faith! 3 For like a roof set nobly on the pillars of your children, you held firm and did not sway under the earthquake of the tortures.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“... The story of the martyrdoms, during the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, of an elderly Jewish scribe (γραμματεύς—2 Macc 6:18) or priest and lawyer (ἱερεύς, νομικός—4 Macc 5:4) named Eleazar and of seven brothers and their mother is told in 2 Macc 6:18–7:42, and in a considerably expanded version, in 4 Macc 5–18. Antiochus and his officials are determined to make the Jews “forsake their ancestral laws” (2 Macc 6:1), to force them “to renounce Judaism by tasting defiling foods” (4 Macc 4:26), to compel them “to taste pork and food sacrificed to idols” (4 Macc 5:2), and thereby to signal their willingness “to change over to Greek customs” (2 Macc 6:9). Antiochus orders that the most barbarous forms of torture should be inflicted upon the eight males, beginning with Eleazar, in his attempt to make them yield. When they do not, but instead they defy him boldly, he has them put to death. According to the 4 Maccabees version, the mother of the seven brothers is the last one of the group still alive, and she throws herself into the fire “so that no one might touch her body” (4 Macc 17:1). [...] 2 Macc 7:41 reports simply that “[l]ast of all, the mother died, after her sons,” without offering any details as to the circumstances of her death. ...”
Robert J. V. Hiebert, “In Search of the Old Greek Text of 4 Maccabees,” in Text-Critical and Hermeneutical Studies in the Septuagint, ed. Johann Cook and Hermann-Josef Stipp, VTSup 157 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 127.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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