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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Brothers Demonstrate the Strength of Reason

Chapter 13

1 If, then, the seven brothers despised suffering even to the point of death, everyone must agree that religious reasoning is absolute master of the emotions. 2 For if they had been slaves to their emotions and eaten defiled food, we would say that they had been conquered by them. 3 But it is not so. Instead, by the reasoning that is praised by God, they mastered their emotions. 4 The supremacy of the mind cannot be overlooked, for it mastered both emotion and pain. 5 How, then, can we not acknowledge that these men mastered their emotions through right reasoning, since they did not turn back from the pains of fire?

The Brothers Encourage One Another

6 For just as towers at the entrance of a harbor break the threatening waves and make it calm for ships sailing into port, 7 so the seven-towered right reasoning of the young men fortified the harbor of piety and conquered the unruliness of the emotions. 8 For they formed a holy chorus of piety and encouraged one another, saying, 9 “Brothers, let’s die like brothers for the law. Let’s imitate the three young men in Assyria, who despised a furnace just as fierce. 10 Let’s not be cowards in showing our piety.” 11 One said, “Courage, brother,” and another, “Endure nobly.” 12 Another reminded them, “Remember where you come from, and by the hand of which father Isaac endured being offered as a sacrifice for the sake of piety.” 13 Each of them, all together, looking at one another cheerfully and very boldly, said, “Let’s consecrate ourselves with all our hearts to God, who gave us our souls, and let’s use our bodies to guard the law.⁠ 14 Let’s not fear the one who thinks he kills,⁠ 15 for a great struggle and danger to the soul lies in eternal torment for those who break the commandment of God. 16 Let’s arm ourselves, therefore, with the mastery over the emotions that divine reasoning gives. 17 For if we die like this, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will receive us,⁠ and all our ancestors will praise us.” 18 As each of the brothers was dragged away, those who were left said, “Brother, don’t disgrace us or betray our brothers who have died before us.” 19 You are not unaware of the affection of brotherhood, which the divine and all-wise Providence has passed on through fathers to their children and planted in them through the mother’s womb. 20 There brothers stay for the same length of time, are formed over the same period, grow from the same blood, and are brought to maturity through the same life. 21 They are born after the same length of time and drink milk from the same source, and in those embraces brother-loving souls are nourished together. 22 And they grow stronger through being raised together, through daily companionship, through the rest of their education, and through our training in the law of God. 23 Since brotherly love is so naturally strong, the seven brothers felt an even stronger love for one another. 24 For they had been educated in the same law, trained in the same virtues, and raised together in a just life, and so they loved one another all the more. 25 Their shared zeal for what is noble and good increased their goodwill and harmony toward one another, 26 for together with piety it made their brotherly love even more precious to them. 27 And yet, although nature, companionship, and virtuous habits increased their brotherly affection, those who were left endured for the sake of piety the sight of their brothers being abused and tortured to death.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 13:17 and Luke 16:22

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

In 4 Maccabees, seven brothers facing martyrdom tell one another that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will welcome them after they die. In Luke 16, the one received after death is a poor man named Lazarus, similarly welcomed to Abraham's side.

Passages

4 Maccabees 13:17

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
13 Each of them, all together, looking at one another cheerfully and very boldly, said, “Let’s consecrate ourselves with all our hearts to God, who gave us our souls, and let’s use our bodies to guard the law. 14 Let’s not fear the one who thinks he kills, 15 for a great struggle and danger to the soul lies in eternal torment for those who break the commandment of God. 16 Let’s arm ourselves, therefore, with the mastery over the emotions that divine reasoning gives. 17 For if we die like this, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will receive us, and all our ancestors will praise us.”
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Luke 16:22

New Testament
19 “There was a rich man who dressed in purple and fine linen and who feasted sumptuously every day. 20 But at his gate lay a poor man named Lazarus whose body was covered with sores, 21 who longed to eat what fell from the rich man’s table. In addition, the dogs came and licked his sores. 22 “Now the poor man died and was carried by the angels to Abraham’s side. The rich man also died and was buried. 23 And in Hades, as he was in torment, he looked up and saw Abraham far off with Lazarus at his side.
75–85 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Luke

References

“... Especially two passages in 4 Maccabees come close to the Lukan controversy with the Sadducees. In his eulogy of the martyred Eleazar, the writer speaks of the pious who believe “. . . that to God they do not die, as our patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and Jacob died not, but live to God” ([...] 4 Macc 7:19). Similarly, the mother and her seven martyred sons knew that “. . . those who die for God’s sake live to God [...] just as Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the patriarchs” (4 Macc 16:25). In a third passage, the patriarchs are said to be ready to receive the righteous dead. The brothers, who are preparing themselves for martyrdom, console each other and declare: “As we die in this fashion Abraham and Isaac and Jacob will receive us, and all our fathers will praise us” (4 Macc 13:17). Abraham, Isaac and Jacob also have a prominent role in the eschatology of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs. For example, “Judah” tells his sons how in the last days “. . . Abraham and Isaac and Jacob will be resurrected to life and I and my brothers will be leaders [wielding] our scepter in Israel” (T. Jud. 25:1). Differently from the 4 Maccabees, this passage teaches that also the patriarchs await resurrection (in some kind of an intermediate state?), and will enter the blessed life with the other resurrected ones. ...”
Outi Lehtipuu, The Afterlife Imagery in Luke’s Story of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 207.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 13:17 and Luke 16:22

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