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4 Maccabees

About this book

The Brothers Demonstrate the Strength of Reason

Chapter 13

1 If, then, the seven brothers despised suffering even to the point of death, everyone must agree that religious reasoning is absolute master of the emotions. 2 For if they had been slaves to their emotions and eaten defiled food, we would say that they had been conquered by them. 3 But it is not so. Instead, by the reasoning that is praised by God, they mastered their emotions. 4 The supremacy of the mind cannot be overlooked, for it mastered both emotion and pain. 5 How, then, can we not acknowledge that these men mastered their emotions through right reasoning, since they did not turn back from the pains of fire?

The Brothers Encourage One Another

6 For just as towers at the entrance of a harbor break the threatening waves and make it calm for ships sailing into port, 7 so the seven-towered right reasoning of the young men fortified the harbor of piety and conquered the unruliness of the emotions. 8 For they formed a holy chorus of piety and encouraged one another, saying, 9 “Brothers, let’s die like brothers for the law. Let’s imitate the three young men in Assyria, who despised a furnace just as fierce. 10 Let’s not be cowards in showing our piety.” 11 One said, “Courage, brother,” and another, “Endure nobly.” 12 Another reminded them, “Remember where you come from, and by the hand of which father Isaac endured being offered as a sacrifice for the sake of piety.” 13 Each of them, all together, looking at one another cheerfully and very boldly, said, “Let’s consecrate ourselves with all our hearts to God, who gave us our souls, and let’s use our bodies to guard the law.⁠ 14 Let’s not fear the one who thinks he kills,⁠ 15 for a great struggle and danger to the soul lies in eternal torment for those who break the commandment of God. 16 Let’s arm ourselves, therefore, with the mastery over the emotions that divine reasoning gives. 17 For if we die like this, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will receive us,⁠ and all our ancestors will praise us.” 18 As each of the brothers was dragged away, those who were left said, “Brother, don’t disgrace us or betray our brothers who have died before us.” 19 You are not unaware of the affection of brotherhood, which the divine and all-wise Providence has passed on through fathers to their children and planted in them through the mother’s womb. 20 There brothers stay for the same length of time, are formed over the same period, grow from the same blood, and are brought to maturity through the same life. 21 They are born after the same length of time and drink milk from the same source, and in those embraces brother-loving souls are nourished together. 22 And they grow stronger through being raised together, through daily companionship, through the rest of their education, and through our training in the law of God. 23 Since brotherly love is so naturally strong, the seven brothers felt an even stronger love for one another. 24 For they had been educated in the same law, trained in the same virtues, and raised together in a just life, and so they loved one another all the more. 25 Their shared zeal for what is noble and good increased their goodwill and harmony toward one another, 26 for together with piety it made their brotherly love even more precious to them. 27 And yet, although nature, companionship, and virtuous habits increased their brotherly affection, those who were left endured for the sake of piety the sight of their brothers being abused and tortured to death.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 13:13 and Matthew 10:28

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

4 Maccabees tells martyrs not to fear death, since the true danger is turning away from God. Matthew shows Jesus using similar words, saying people should not fear those who can kill the body but only God, who judges the whole person.

Passages

4 Maccabees 13:13

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
12 Another reminded them, “Remember where you come from, and by the hand of which father Isaac endured being offered as a sacrifice for the sake of piety.” 13 Each of them, all together, looking at one another cheerfully and very boldly, said, “Let’s consecrate ourselves with all our hearts to God, who gave us our souls, and let’s use our bodies to guard the law. 14 Let’s not fear the one who thinks he kills, 15 for a great struggle and danger to the soul lies in eternal torment for those who break the commandment of God. 16 Let’s arm ourselves, therefore, with the mastery over the emotions that divine reasoning gives. 17 For if we die like this, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will receive us, and all our ancestors will praise us.”
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Matthew 10:28

New Testament
26 “Do not be afraid of them, for nothing is hidden that will not be revealed, and nothing is secret that will not be made known. 27 What I say to you in the dark, tell in the light, and what is whispered in your ear, proclaim from the housetops. 28 Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. 29 Aren’t two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them falls to the ground apart from your Father’s will. 30 Even all the hairs on your head are numbered. 31 So do not be afraid; you are more valuable than many sparrows.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... Grundeken observes that Hermas teaches no death or resurrection of Jesus; according to Hermas, Jesus neither died nor was he resurrected, rather, his flesh was imperishable. Neither are the faithful resurrected according to Hermas; like Jesus, they continue to live forever. Now, the synoptic pericope in which Jesus is depicted as proving the doctrine of the resurrection by referring to the three patriarchs who live to God is particularly congruent with Hermas, since this Jesus tradition actually demonstrates an uninterrupted life with God rather than any popular conception of eschatological physical resurrection. Relevant is also 4 Maccabees 13:14‐15: “Let us not fear him who thinks he is killing us, for great is the struggle of the soul and the danger of eternal torment lying before those who transgress the commandment of God.” Compare the Shepherd of Hermas Mandates 12.6.3, which I have previously cited less completely to emphasize its connection with Leviticus 18:5: “Hear me therefore, and fear Him, Who is able to do all things, to save and to destroy, and observe these commandments, and ye shall live unto God,” which brings to mind Jesus’ teaching pertaining to persecution and martyrdom in Matthew 10:28, “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul; rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell.” ..."
Samuel Zinner, Shepherd of Hermas Mandate 12: Allusions to Deuteronomy 30 and Leviticus 18:5: A Short Note (University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2017), 1–15.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 13:13 and Matthew 10:28

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