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3 Enoch

Hebrew Book of Enoch

About this book
Chapter 5

1 R. Ishmael said: Metatron, the Prince of the Presence, said to me: From the day when the Holy One, blessed be He, expelled the first Adam from the Garden of Eden (and onwards), Shekina was dwelling upon a Kerub under the Tree of Life. 2 And the ministering angels were gathering together and going down from heaven in parties, from the Raqia in companies and from the heavens in camps to do His will in the whole world. 3 And the first man and his generation were sitting outside the gate of the Garden to behold the radiant appearance of the Shekina. 4 For the splendour of the Shekina traversed the world from one end to the other (with a splendour) 365,000 times (that) of the globe of the sun. And everyone who made use of the splendour of the Shekina, on him no flies and no gnats did rest, neither was he ill nor suffered he any pain. No demons got power over him, neither were they able to injure him. 5 When the Holy One, blessed be He, went out and went in: from the Garden to Eden, from Eden to the Garden,⁠ from the Garden to Raqia and from Raqia to the Garden of Eden, then all and everyone saw the splendour of His Shekina and they were not injured, 6 until the time of the generation of Enosh who was the head of all idol worshippers of the world.⁠ 7 And what did the generation of Enosh do? They went from one end of the world to the other, and each one brought silver, gold, precious stones and pearls in heaps like mountains and hills making idols out of them throughout all the world.⁠ And they erected the idols in every quarter of the world: the size of each idol was 1000 parasangs. 8 And they brought down the sun, the moon, planets and constellations,⁠ and placed them before the idols on their right hand and on their left,⁠ to attend them even as they attend the Holy One, blessed be He, as it is written (1 Kings xxii. 19): "And all the host of heaven was standing by him on his right hand and on his left". 9 What power was in them that they were able to bring them down? They would not have been able to bring them down but for 'Uzza, 'Azza and 'Azziel who taught them sorceries by which they brought them down and made use of them. 10 In that time the ministering angels brought charges (against them) before the Holy One, blessed be He, saying before him: "Master of the World! What have you to do with the children of men?⁠ As it is written (Ps. viii. 4) 'What is man (Enosh) that you are mindful of him?' 'Mah Adam' is not written here, but 'Mah Enosh', for he (Enosh) is the head of the idol worshippers. 11 Why have you left the highest of the high heavens, the abode of your glorious Name, and the high and exalted Throne in 'Araboth Raqia' in the highest and have gone and dwell with the children of men who worship idols and equal you to the idols? 12 Now you are on earth and the idols likewise. What have you to do with the inhabitants of the earth who worship idols?"⁠ 13 At once the Holy One, blessed be He, lifted up His Shekina from the earth, from their midst.⁠ 14 In that moment came the ministering angels, the troops of hosts and the armies of 'Araboth in thousand camps and ten thousand hosts: they fetched trumpets and took the horns in their hands and surrounded the Shekina with all kinds of songs. And He ascended to the high heavens, as it is written (Ps. xlvii. 5): "God is gone up with a shout, the Lord with the sound of a trumpet".

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalms 8:4 and 3 Enoch 5:10

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

In Psalm 8, the psalmist marvels that God cares for humanity. In 3 Enoch, angels now skeptically ask this same question to object to God's presence living among people who worship idols.

Passages

Psalms 8:4

Hebrew Bible
1 For the music director, according to the gittith style; a psalm of David. O Lord, our Lord, how magnificent is your reputation throughout the earth! You reveal your majesty in the heavens above. 2 From the mouths of children and nursing babies you have ordained praise on account of your adversaries, so that you might put an end to the vindictive enemy. 3 When I look up at the heavens, which your fingers made, and see the moon and the stars, which you set in place, 4 Of what importance is the human race, that you should notice them? Of what importance is mankind, that you should pay attention to them?
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

3 Enoch 5:10

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
10 In that time the ministering angels brought charges (against them) before the Holy One, blessed be He, saying before him: "Master of the World! What have you to do with the children of men? As it is written (Ps. viii. 4) 'What is man (Enosh) that you are mindful of him?' 'Mah Adam' is not written here, but 'Mah Enosh', for he (Enosh) is the head of the idol worshippers. 11 Why have you left the highest of the high heavens, the abode of your glorious Name, and the high and exalted Throne in 'Araboth Raqia' in the highest and have gone and dwell with the children of men who worship idols and equal you to the idols?
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

References

“... Several late works also use Ps. 8 to emphasize the insignificance of human beings. In 3 Enoch, a work probably from the fifth or sixth century AD, the ministering angels bring a complaint to God: “Lord of the Universe, what business have you with men, as it is written, ‘What is man [ʾĕnôš] that you should spare a thought for him?’” (3 En. 5:10 [cf. Gen. Rab. 8:6]). Given Hebrews’ use of the psalm to make a transition to the topic of incarnation, it is interesting that this passage goes on to say, “Why did you leave the heaven of heavens above, the abode of your glory, the high and exalted throne which is in the height of Arabot, and come and lodge with men who worship idols?” (3 En. 5:11). Similar to 3 Enoch’s use of the psalm, b. Šabb. 88b says that upon Moses’ ascension to heaven, angels questioned why a human being has been allowed to be among them. In b. Sanh. 38b angels, using the form of the psalm’s question, ask God about why he would want to create people in the first place. Later, when the flood generation does not turn out well, the angels, in effect, say to the Lord, “We told you so!” Also speaking of Moses, but with an emphasis on the dignity of this man, b. Ned. 38a and b. Roš Haš. 21b take the psalm’s statement “you have made him a little lower than God” to refer to Moses as having all but one of the “fifty gates of understanding.” ...”
George H. Guthrie, "Hebrews" in Beale, G. K., and D. A. Carson, editors. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007), PDF2148.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalms 8:4 and 3 Enoch 5:10

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