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3 Enoch

Hebrew Book of Enoch

About this book

The Princes of the Heavens

Chapter 17

1 R. Ishmael said: Metatron, the angel, the Prince of the Presence, the glory of all heavens, said to me: Seven (are the) princes, the great, beautiful, revered, wonderful and honoured ones who are appointed over the seven heavens. And these are they: MIKAEL, GABRIEL, SHATQIEL, SHACHAQIEL, BAKARIEL, BADARIEL, PACHRIEL. 2 And every one of them is the prince of the host of (one) heaven. And each one of them is accompanied by 496,000 myriads of ministering angels. 3 MIKAEL, the great prince, is appointed over the seventh heaven, the highest one, which is in the 'Araboth.⁠ GABRIEL, the prince of the host, is appointed over the sixth heaven which is in Makon. SHATAQIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fifth heaven which is in Ma'on. SHAHAQI'EL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fourth heaven which is in Zebul. BADARIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the third heaven which is in Shehaqim. BARAKIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the second heaven which is in the height of (Merom) Raqia. PAZRIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the first heaven which is in Wilon, which is in Shamayim. 4 Under them is GALGALLIEL, the prince who is appointed over the globe (galgal) of the sun, and with him are 96 great and honoured angels who move the sun in Raqia'. 5 Under them is 'OPHANNIEL, the prince who is set over the globe ('ophan) of the moon. And with him are 88 angels who move the globe of the moon 354 thousand parasangs every night at the time when the moon stands in the East at its turning point. And when is the moon sitting in the East at its turning point? Answer: in the fifteenth day of every month. 6 Under them is RAHATIEL, the prince who is appointed over the constellations. And he is accompanied by 72 great and honoured angels.⁠ And why is he called RAHATIEL? Because he makes the stars run (marhit) in their orbits and courses 339 thousand parasangs every night from the East to the West, and from the West to the East. For the Holy One, blessed be He, has made a tent for all of them, for the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars in which they travel at night from the West to the East. 7 Under them is KOKBIEL, the prince who is appointed over all the planets. And with him are 365,000 myriads of ministering angels, great and honoured ones who move the planets from city to city and from province to province in the Raqia' of heavens. 8 And over them are SEVENTY-TWO PRINCES OF KINGDOMS on high corresponding to the 72 tongues of the world. And all of them are crowned with royal crowns and clad in royal garments and wrapped in royal cloaks.⁠ And all of them are riding on royal horses and they are holding royal sceptres in their hands. And before each one of them when he is travelling in Raqia', royal servants are running with great glory and majesty even as on earth they (princes) are travelling in chariot(s) with horsemen and great armies and in glory and greatness with praise, song and honour.

Texts in conversation

Compare Revelation 19:12 and 3 Enoch 17:8

New Testament · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

In Revelation, Jesus appears wearing crowns and royal robes, riding a white horse, and accompanied by a heavenly army. 3 Enoch describes a similar moment, with angels in a heavenly army riding horses and chariots, wearing crowns.

Passages

Revelation 19:12

New Testament
11 Then I saw heaven opened and here came a white horse! The one riding it was called “Faithful” and “True,” and with justice he judges and goes to war. 12 His eyes are like a fiery flame and there are many diadem crowns on his head. He has a name written that no one knows except himself. 13 He is dressed in clothing dipped in blood, and he is called the Word of God. 14 The armies that are in heaven, dressed in white, clean, fine linen, were following him on white horses. 15 From his mouth extends a sharp sword so that with it he can strike the nations. He will rule them with an iron rod, and he stomps the winepress of the furious wrath of God, the All-Powerful.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

3 Enoch 17:8

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
8 And over them are SEVENTY-TWO PRINCES OF KINGDOMS on high corresponding to the 72 tongues of the world. And all of them are crowned with royal crowns and clad in royal garments and wrapped in royal cloaks. And all of them are riding on royal horses and they are holding royal sceptres in their hands. And before each one of them when he is travelling in Raqia', royal servants are running with great glory and majesty even as on earth they (princes) are travelling in chariot(s) with horsemen and great armies and in glory and greatness with praise, song and honour.
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

References

“... A potential parallel for Christ's description in angelic categories in 3 Enoch might be promising, because some of the elements which are attributed to angels there seem to match with Apc 19. In 3 Enoch 17: 8, a certain group of angels (the 72 princes of kingdoms corresponding to the 72 nations of the world) are crowned with kingly crowns (cp. the diadem in Apc 19: 12 and the crown in Apc 14: 14). They wear special garments (cp. Apc 19: 13.16), ride horses (like Christ in Apc 19: 11-21). and hold a sceptre (cp. the staff in Apc 19: 15). Further, like Christ in Apc 19: 14, they are accompanied by heavenly armies. The number of parallels between the angels in 3 Enoch and Apc 19 seems to be rather impressive. However, the dating of 3 Enoch - written centuries after the Apocalypse - indicates that an influence of the angelological concepts on Apc 19 is entirely out of question. It can only be assumed that the author of 3 Enoch created his own angelological concept which coincidentialy matches the description of Christ in Apc 19, or that both passages draw on similar material for their representations. Such passages might involve Daniel 10: 5-6 (for the garment), Psalm 2 (for the staff/sceptre), or Daniel 10: 13.21; 12: 1 (for the leadership of a heavenly army). ...”
Matthias Reinhard Hoffmann, “Angelomorphic Christology and the Book of Revelation” (PhD diss., The University of Durham, 2003), 217.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Revelation 19:12 and 3 Enoch 17:8

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