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3 Enoch

Hebrew Book of Enoch

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The Princes of the Heavens

Chapter 17

1 R. Ishmael said: Metatron, the angel, the Prince of the Presence, the glory of all heavens, said to me: Seven (are the) princes, the great, beautiful, revered, wonderful and honoured ones who are appointed over the seven heavens. And these are they: MIKAEL, GABRIEL, SHATQIEL, SHACHAQIEL, BAKARIEL, BADARIEL, PACHRIEL. 2 And every one of them is the prince of the host of (one) heaven. And each one of them is accompanied by 496,000 myriads of ministering angels. 3 MIKAEL, the great prince, is appointed over the seventh heaven, the highest one, which is in the 'Araboth.⁠ GABRIEL, the prince of the host, is appointed over the sixth heaven which is in Makon. SHATAQIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fifth heaven which is in Ma'on. SHAHAQI'EL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fourth heaven which is in Zebul. BADARIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the third heaven which is in Shehaqim. BARAKIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the second heaven which is in the height of (Merom) Raqia. PAZRIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the first heaven which is in Wilon, which is in Shamayim. 4 Under them is GALGALLIEL, the prince who is appointed over the globe (galgal) of the sun, and with him are 96 great and honoured angels who move the sun in Raqia'. 5 Under them is 'OPHANNIEL, the prince who is set over the globe ('ophan) of the moon. And with him are 88 angels who move the globe of the moon 354 thousand parasangs every night at the time when the moon stands in the East at its turning point. And when is the moon sitting in the East at its turning point? Answer: in the fifteenth day of every month. 6 Under them is RAHATIEL, the prince who is appointed over the constellations. And he is accompanied by 72 great and honoured angels.⁠ And why is he called RAHATIEL? Because he makes the stars run (marhit) in their orbits and courses 339 thousand parasangs every night from the East to the West, and from the West to the East. For the Holy One, blessed be He, has made a tent for all of them, for the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars in which they travel at night from the West to the East. 7 Under them is KOKBIEL, the prince who is appointed over all the planets. And with him are 365,000 myriads of ministering angels, great and honoured ones who move the planets from city to city and from province to province in the Raqia' of heavens. 8 And over them are SEVENTY-TWO PRINCES OF KINGDOMS on high corresponding to the 72 tongues of the world. And all of them are crowned with royal crowns and clad in royal garments and wrapped in royal cloaks.⁠ And all of them are riding on royal horses and they are holding royal sceptres in their hands. And before each one of them when he is travelling in Raqia', royal servants are running with great glory and majesty even as on earth they (princes) are travelling in chariot(s) with horsemen and great armies and in glory and greatness with praise, song and honour.

Texts in conversation

Compare 3 Enoch 17:3 and Chagigah 12b:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Rabbinic

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Summary

In 3 Enoch, each of the seven levels of heaven are given an angelic ruler. Rabbinic tradition in tractate Chagigah lists the same heavens by name, following a similar tradition of how heaven is organized and ruled.

Passages

3 Enoch 17:3

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
3 MIKAEL, the great prince, is appointed over the seventh heaven, the highest one, which is in the 'Araboth. GABRIEL, the prince of the host, is appointed over the sixth heaven which is in Makon. SHATAQIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fifth heaven which is in Ma'on. SHAHAQI'EL, prince of the host, is appointed over the fourth heaven which is in Zebul. BADARIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the third heaven which is in Shehaqim. BARAKIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the second heaven which is in the height of (Merom) Raqia. PAZRIEL, prince of the host, is appointed over the first heaven which is in Wilon, which is in Shamayim.
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

Chagigah 12b:5

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
Reish Lakish said: There are seven firmaments, and they are as follows: Vilon, Rakia, Sheḥakim, Zevul, Ma’on, Makhon, and Aravot. The Gemara proceeds to explain the role of each firmament: Vilon, curtain, is the firmament that does not contain anything, but enters at morning and departs in the evening, and renews the act of Creation daily, as it is stated: “Who stretches out the heavens as a curtain [Vilon], and spreads them out as a tent to dwell in” (Isaiah 40:22). Rakia, firmament, is the one in which the sun, moon, stars, and zodiac signs are fixed, as it is stated: “And God set them in the firmament [Rakia] of the heaven” (Genesis 1:17).
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Chagigah

References

“... d. On the seven heavens see "Theological Importance." It is clear from the parallel passage in b.Hag 12b that, apart from Wilon (on which see n. f below), the various names of the heavens are derived by exegesis from Scripture. e. "Which is in RaqiaV Lemb; "which is in the height of RaqiaV A B: "which is in Samayim," Mus. f. "The first heaven, which is in Wilon," Mus; "the first heaven, which is in Wilon, which is in Samayim," A. Wilon as a name for the first heaven appears to have originated among Babylonian Jews, whereas Samayim is the stand­ ard Palestinian term. Wilon, derived from the Lat. velum, "curtain," "veil." denotes an or­ dinary door curtain in rabbinic Heb. (m.Kel 20:6; m.Neg 11:11). It would seem, then, that the first heaven is regarded as a sort of veil or curtain which either conceals the heavenly world from human eyes, or which, by being opened and shut, is the cause of daylight and darkness. b.Hag 12b describes its function thus: "It does not serve for anything, but enters in the morning and leaves in the evening and renews every day the work of creation" (cf. MidraS Konen. BHM. vol. 2. pp. 36f.; Seder Rabbah diBere'su. BM, vol. 1. p. 39: Baraita' di Ma'aseh Bere'Sit. ed. Sed. A 70-72; B 58f.). Note also MidraS 'aseret hadibberot (BHM. vol. I, pp. 63f.): "The Holy One, blessed be he. created seven heavens. The lowest of them is called Wilon and it is like a curtain [wilon] drawn across the doorway of a house, so that those within can see those without, but those without cannot see those within." See further. b.Ber 58b; ARN A 37 (ed. Schechter, 55b); Midras Tehillim 19:6 (ed. Buber, 83a-b), and 114:2 (ed. Buber, 236a). On the other heavenly curtain, the pargod, see 3En 45:1. n. a. ...”
Philip S. Alexander, “3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch,” in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983), 1:269.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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