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3 Enoch

Hebrew Book of Enoch

About this book
Chapter 16

1 R. Ishmael said: Metatron, the Angel, the Prince of the Presence, the Glory of all heaven, said to me: At first I was sitting upon a great Throne at the door of the Seventh Hall; and I was judging the children of heaven, the household on high by authority of the Holy One, blessed be He. And I divided Greatness, Kingship, Dignity, Rulership, Honour and Praise, and Diadem and Crown of Glory to all the princes of kingdoms, while I was presiding (lit. sitting) in the Celestial Court (Yeshiba), and the princes of kingdoms were standing before me, on my right and on my left by authority of the Holy One, blessed be He. 2 But when Acher came to behold the vision of the Merkaba and fixed his eyes on me, he feared and trembled before me and his soul was frightened even to departing from him, because of fear, horror and dread of me, when he saw me sitting upon a throne like a king with all the ministering angels standing by me as my servants and all the princes of kingdoms adorned with crowns surrounding me:⁠ 3 in that moment he opened his mouth and said: "Indeed, there are two Divine Powers in heaven!" 4 At once Bath Qol (the Divine Voice) went forth from heaven from before the Shekina and said: "Return, you backsliding children (Jer. iii. 22), except Acher!" 5 Then came 'Aniyel, the Prince, the honoured, glorified, beloved, wonderful, revered and fearful one, in commission from the Holy One, blessed be He, and gave me sixty strokes with lashes of fire and made me stand on my feet.

Texts in conversation

Compare 3 Enoch 16:2 and Genesis Rabbah 8:10

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Rabbinic

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Summary

In 3 Enoch, Acher mistakes the angel Metatron for a god. Rabbinic tradition in Genesis Rabbah similarly describes angels mistaking Adam for a god, until his sleep reveals that he is merely a human.

Passages

3 Enoch 16:2

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
2 But when Acher came to behold the vision of the Merkaba and fixed his eyes on me, he feared and trembled before me and his soul was frightened even to departing from him, because of fear, horror and dread of me, when he saw me sitting upon a throne like a king with all the ministering angels standing by me as my servants and all the princes of kingdoms adorned with crowns surrounding me: 3 in that moment he opened his mouth and said: "Indeed, there are two Divine Powers in heaven!" 4 At once Bath Qol (the Divine Voice) went forth from heaven from before the Shekina and said: "Return, you backsliding children (Jer. iii. 22), except Acher!"
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

Genesis Rabbah 8:10

Rabbinic · Aggadah
This is analogous to a king and a governor who were in a chariot, and the residents of the province wanted to salute the king by proclaiming: Domine. But they did not know which one he was. What did the king do? He pushed him [the governor] out of the chariot, and then they all knew that he was the governor. So, when the Holy One blessed be He created Adam the first man, the ministering angels erred concerning him and sought to proclaim “holy” before him. What did the Holy One blessed be He do? He cast a deep slumber upon him, and everyone then knew that he was [merely] a man. That is what is written: “Desist from man, who has breath in his nostrils, for in what way is he worthy?” (Isaiah 2:22).
500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis Rabbah

References

“... Despite the prominent role that Enoch-Metatron plays in the “two powers” controversy, the initial background of this theme about the erroneous veneration of the exalted humanity appears to originate not in the Enochic, but in the Adamic tradition. Jarl Fossum’s research demonstrates that the motif of the misplaced adoration of Adam by the angels appears in several forms in the rabbinic literature. Thus, from Gen. R. 8:10 one can learn that when God created man in his own image “the ministering angels mistook him [for a divine being] and wished to exclaim ‘Holy’ before Him.... What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He caused sleep to fall upon him, and so all knew that he was [only a mortal] man.” In the Alphabet of Rabbi Akiba the angels’ erroneous behavior is explained through reference to Adam’s gigantic body:185 This teaches that initially Adam was created from the earth to the firmament. When the ministering angels saw him, they were shocked and excited by him. At that time they all stood before the Holy One, blessed be He, and said to Him; “Master of the Universe! There are two powers in the world, one in heaven and one on earth.” ...”
Andrei Orlov, The Enoch-Metatron Tradition (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), 250.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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3 Enoch 16:2 and Genesis Rabbah 8:10

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