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3 Baruch

Greek Apocalypse of Baruch

About this book

The Sun and the Phoenix

Chapter 6

1 And he took me and led me where the sun rises. 2 And he showed me a chariot with four horses, with a fire burning underneath, and a man was sitting in the chariot, wearing a crown of fire, (and) the chariot (was) drawn by forty angels. And look, a bird was circling in front of the sun,⁠ about nine cubits away. 3 And I said to the angel, What is this bird? And he said to me, This is the guardian of the earth.⁠ 4 And I said, Lord, how is he the guardian of the earth? Teach me. 5 And the angel said to me, This bird flies alongside the sun and spreads his wings to catch its fiery rays.⁠ 6 For if he did not catch them, the human race would not survive, nor would any other living creature. But God appointed this bird for this purpose. 7 And he spread his wings, and I saw on his right wing very large letters, as large as a threshing floor, the size of about four thousand modii; and the letters were of gold. 8 And the angel said to me, Read them. And I read and this is what they said: Neither earth nor heaven gave me birth, but wings of fire gave me birth. 9 And I said, Lord, what is this bird, and what is his name? 10 And the angel said to me, His name is Phoenix. 11 (And I said), And what does he eat? And he said to me, The manna of heaven and the dew of earth. 12 And I said, Does the bird excrete? And he said to me, He excretes a worm, and the excrement of the worm is cinnamon, which kings and princes use. But wait and you will see the glory of God.

Sunrise and the Call of the Bird

13 And while he was talking with me, there was a sound like a thunderclap, and the place where we were standing shook. And I asked the angel, My Lord, what is this sound? And the angel said to me, The angels are now opening the three hundred and sixty-five gates of heaven, and the light is being separated from the darkness. 14 And a voice came which said, Light giver, give radiance to the world.⁠ 15 And when I heard the noise of the bird, I said, Lord, what is this noise? 16 And he said, This is the bird who wakes the roosters on earth from sleep. For just as people communicate with their mouths, the rooster too signals to those in the world in his own language. For the sun is made ready by the angels, and the rooster crows.

Texts in conversation

Compare 3 Baruch 6:5 and Genesis Rabbah 19:4

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Rabbinic

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Summary

In the apocalyptic text 3 Baruch, the mythical phoenix of Greek and Roman tradition shields the earth from the sun. Rabbinic tradition in Genesis Rabbah describes a similar giant bird, showing how 3 Baruch connects the phoenix with Jewish tradition.

Passages

3 Baruch 6:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Greek Apocalypse of Baruch
2 And he showed me a chariot with four horses, with a fire burning underneath, and a man was sitting in the chariot, wearing a crown of fire, (and) the chariot (was) drawn by forty angels. And look, a bird was circling in front of the sun, about nine cubits away. 3 And I said to the angel, What is this bird? And he said to me, This is the guardian of the earth. 4 And I said, Lord, how is he the guardian of the earth? Teach me. 5 And the angel said to me, This bird flies alongside the sun and spreads his wings to catch its fiery rays. 6 For if he did not catch them, the human race would not survive, nor would any other living creature. But God appointed this bird for this purpose. 7 And he spread his wings, and I saw on his right wing very large letters, as large as a threshing floor, the size of about four thousand modii; and the letters were of gold.
1–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Baruch

Genesis Rabbah 19:4

Rabbinic · Aggadah
Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: [The serpent said:] ‘Everything that was created after its counterpart dominates that counterpart. The heavens were created on the first day and the firmament on the second. Does it [the firmament] not hold them up? That is a rhetorical question. The firmament was created on the second day and the vegetation on the third – does it [the firmament] not supply water for it? Vegetation was created on the third day and the luminaries on the fourth – do they [the luminaries] not cause its [the earth’s] produce to grow? The luminaries were created on the fourth day and the birds on the fifth – the ziz is a very large bird and when it flies it obscures the orb of the sun. Man was created after everything in order to dominate everything. Hurry and eat [the fruit] now, before He creates additional worlds and they will dominate you.’
500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis Rabbah

References

“... As in 3 Baruch the Bird’s main function – like the ozone layer in modern conception – is to protect all the living from solar radiation. Ziz (or Nets) also does it by stretching the wings: “R. Yudan son of R. Shimon says, ‘Ziz is a clean bird, and when it spreads its wings, it darkens the orb of the sun’” (Gen. Rab. 19.4). [...] The Sun Bird of 3 Baruch is “Phoenix” only in name. It bears the Greek name, but lacks the main features of the phoenix of Hellenistic and Christian traditions. At the same time, there is a striking similarity between “Phoenix” as described in 3 Baruch and Rabbinic traditions about Ziz, Ben Nets, Field Rooster, and Bar Yokni (distinct from the traditions of Hol, Urshina, Malham). In its main functions – and, first of all, protecting the earth from the sun’s radiation – it is identical to gigantic birds of Jewish lore as preserved by Rabbinic sources. The name “Phoenix” here is misleading and appeared only in order to “translate” the image from one culture to another. ...”
Alexander Kulik, Baruch: Greek-Slavonic Apocalypse of Baruch (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), 241, 243.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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3 Baruch 6:5 and Genesis Rabbah 19:4

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