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3 Baruch

Greek Apocalypse of Baruch

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The Sun and the Phoenix

Chapter 6

1 And he took me and led me where the sun rises. 2 And he showed me a chariot with four horses, with a fire burning underneath, and a man was sitting in the chariot, wearing a crown of fire, (and) the chariot (was) drawn by forty angels. And look, a bird was circling in front of the sun,⁠ about nine cubits away. 3 And I said to the angel, What is this bird? And he said to me, This is the guardian of the earth.⁠ 4 And I said, Lord, how is he the guardian of the earth? Teach me. 5 And the angel said to me, This bird flies alongside the sun and spreads his wings to catch its fiery rays.⁠ 6 For if he did not catch them, the human race would not survive, nor would any other living creature. But God appointed this bird for this purpose. 7 And he spread his wings, and I saw on his right wing very large letters, as large as a threshing floor, the size of about four thousand modii; and the letters were of gold. 8 And the angel said to me, Read them. And I read and this is what they said: Neither earth nor heaven gave me birth, but wings of fire gave me birth. 9 And I said, Lord, what is this bird, and what is his name? 10 And the angel said to me, His name is Phoenix. 11 (And I said), And what does he eat? And he said to me, The manna of heaven and the dew of earth. 12 And I said, Does the bird excrete? And he said to me, He excretes a worm, and the excrement of the worm is cinnamon, which kings and princes use. But wait and you will see the glory of God.

Sunrise and the Call of the Bird

13 And while he was talking with me, there was a sound like a thunderclap, and the place where we were standing shook. And I asked the angel, My Lord, what is this sound? And the angel said to me, The angels are now opening the three hundred and sixty-five gates of heaven, and the light is being separated from the darkness. 14 And a voice came which said, Light giver, give radiance to the world.⁠ 15 And when I heard the noise of the bird, I said, Lord, what is this noise? 16 And he said, This is the bird who wakes the roosters on earth from sleep. For just as people communicate with their mouths, the rooster too signals to those in the world in his own language. For the sun is made ready by the angels, and the rooster crows.

Texts in conversation

Compare 3 Baruch 6:4 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Early Christian

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Summary

1 Clement refers to the mythical phoenix, reborn from its own remains after five hundred years, as proof God can raise the dead. The apocalyptic text 3 Baruch also refers to this mythological creature that shields the earth from the sun's rays.

Passages

3 Baruch 6:4

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Greek Apocalypse of Baruch
1 And he took me and led me where the sun rises. 2 And he showed me a chariot with four horses, with a fire burning underneath, and a man was sitting in the chariot, wearing a crown of fire, (and) the chariot (was) drawn by forty angels. And look, a bird was circling in front of the sun, about nine cubits away. 3 And I said to the angel, What is this bird? And he said to me, This is the guardian of the earth. 4 And I said, Lord, how is he the guardian of the earth? Teach me. 5 And the angel said to me, This bird flies alongside the sun and spreads his wings to catch its fiery rays. 6 For if he did not catch them, the human race would not survive, nor would any other living creature. But God appointed this bird for this purpose. 7 And he spread his wings, and I saw on his right wing very large letters, as large as a threshing floor, the size of about four thousand modii; and the letters were of gold. 8 And the angel said to me, Read them. And I read and this is what they said: Neither earth nor heaven gave me birth, but wings of fire gave me birth. 9 And I said, Lord, what is this bird, and what is his name? 10 And the angel said to me, His name is Phoenix. 11 (And I said), And what does he eat? And he said to me, The manna of heaven and the dew of earth. 12 And I said, Does the bird excrete? And he said to me, He excretes a worm, and the excrement of the worm is cinnamon, which kings and princes use. But wait and you will see the glory of God.
1–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Baruch

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 Let us consider the marvelous sign that is seen in the regions of the east, that is, in the area around Arabia. 2 There is a bird called the phoenix. This bird, the only one of its kind, lives for five hundred years; and when it has reached the time of its end and must die, it makes itself a coffin of frankincense and myrrh and other spices, which it enters when the time is fulfilled, and so it dies. 3 But, as the flesh rots, a worm is produced, which is nourished by the moisture of the dead creature and grows wings. Then, when it has grown strong, it takes up the coffin that holds the bones of its parent, and carrying them it travels from the country of Arabia all the way to Egypt, to the place called the City of the Sun. 4 and in the daytime, in the sight of all, it flies to the altar of the Sun and lays them on it; and having done this, it sets out to return. 5 So the priests examine the records of the dates, and they find that it has come when the five hundredth year is completed.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... Very popular in Christian iconography, in patristic tradition, the phoenix signified the resurrection of Jesus (Clement of Rome, 1 Ep. Cor. 1.25-26; Tertullian, Res. Carn. 1.13; Lactantius, Carmen de ave phoenice 169-70; etc.). 1.1. Resurrection. The motif of resurrection, which seems to be the raison d'être of the Hellenistic image, is absent from 3 Baruch. The rebirth in fire may be only implied in 6:8: "Neither earth nor heaven give me birth, but wings of fire give me birth." The dew on which Phoenix feeds (with manna; see 6:11G; in S - only manna), may also be connected to resurrection motifs (see comm. on "dew of heaven" in 10:9). ...”
Alexander Kulik, Baruch: Greek-Slavonic Apocalypse of Baruch (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), 251.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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3 Baruch 6:4 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 25:2

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