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2 Timothy

About this book
Chapter 3

1 But understand this, that in the last days difficult times will come.⁠ 2 For people will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy, 3 unloving, irreconcilable, slanderers, without self-control, savage, opposed to what is good, 4 treacherous, reckless, conceited, loving pleasure rather than loving God. 5 They will maintain the outward appearance of religion but will have repudiated its power. So avoid people like these. 6 For some of these insinuate themselves into households and captivate weak women who are overwhelmed with sins and led along by various passions. 7 Such women are always seeking instruction, yet never able to arrive at a knowledge of the truth. 8 And just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so these people—who have warped minds and are disqualified in the faith—also oppose the truth.⁠ 9 But they will not go much further, for their foolishness will be obvious to everyone, just like it was with Jannes and Jambres. 10 You, however, have followed my teaching, my way of life, my purpose, my faith, my patience, my love, my endurance, 11 as well as the persecutions and sufferings that happened to me in Antioch, in Iconium, and in Lystra. I endured these persecutions, and the Lord delivered me from them all. 12 Now in fact all who want to live godly lives in Christ Jesus will be persecuted. 13 But evil people and charlatans will go from bad to worse, deceiving others and being deceived themselves. 14 You, however, must continue in the things you have learned and are confident about. You know who taught you 15 and how from infancy you have known the holy writings, which are able to give you wisdom for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. 16 Every scripture is inspired by God and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 that the person dedicated to God may be capable and equipped for every good work.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4Q174 1-3 ii 1 and 2 Timothy 3:1

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · New Testament

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Summary

The Dead Sea Scroll 4Q174 and 2 Timothy similarly describe times of trial in the last days. The scroll interprets the psalms, Isaiah, and Daniel to predict a period of refinement for the faithful remnant, opposed by Belial and corrupt leaders.

Passages

4Q174 1-3 ii 1

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · 4QFlorilegium
1 That is the time of refining that is [coming …] Judah, to complete […] 2 Belial. And there will remain … […] … lot. And they will do all the Torah […] 3 Moses. That is the … [… as] it is written in the book of Daniel the prophet, “The wicked will act [wickedly …] 4 the righteous [… will be made] white and refined, and a people who know God will hold firm.” They … […] … […] after the … […] which to them … […]
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q174

2 Timothy 3:1

New Testament
1 But understand this, that in the last days difficult times will come. 2 For people will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy, 3 unloving, irreconcilable, slanderers, without self-control, savage, opposed to what is good, 4 treacherous, reckless, conceited, loving pleasure rather than loving God. 5 They will maintain the outward appearance of religion but will have repudiated its power. So avoid people like these.
70–80 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Timothy

References

"... A final example reveals still more of the community’s self-understanding. In an interpretation of Psalm 1, 4Q174 indicates that those who turn from the “way” (דרך) of sinners (Psalm 1:1) are to be identified with the prophet whom God warned not to walk in the “way” of the people (Isaiah 8:11). As becomes clear, both passages are seen as referring to the scribe’s own community, who must endure a time of testing in these latter days, a period referred to in 4Q174 as “the time of refining that is coming” (עת המצרף הבאה) - itself an exegetically derived phrase (Daniel 11:32, 35, compare Psalm 105:19). The expectation of testing, especially in the last days, was a common feature of early Christian belief (e.g., Acts 14:22; 2 Timothy 3:1; Revelation 2:10) ..."
Reed Carlson, “A Structure for the End of the World: 4QFlorilegium and the ‘Latter Days’ in Early Jewish Tradition,” WW 40.3 (2020): 246–254.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4Q174 1-3 ii 1 and 2 Timothy 3:1

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