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2 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 23

1 These are the final words of David: “The oracle of David son of Jesse, the oracle of the man raised up as the ruler chosen by the God of Jacob, Israel’s beloved singer of songs: 2 The Lord’s Spirit spoke through me; his word was on my tongue. 3 The God of Israel spoke,⁠ the Rock of Israel spoke to me. The one who rules fairly among men, the one who rules in the fear of God,⁠ 4 is like the light of morning when the sun comes up, a morning in which there are no clouds. He is like the brightness after rain that produces grass from the earth. 5 My dynasty is approved by God, for he has made a perpetual covenant with me, arranged in all its particulars and secured. He always delivers me, and brings all I desire to fruition. 6 But evil people are like thorns—all of them are tossed away, for they cannot be held in the hand. 7 The one who touches them must use an iron instrument or the wooden shaft of a spear. They are completely burned up right where they lie!” 8 These are the names of David’s warriors: Josheb Basshebeth, a Tahkemonite, was head of the officers. He killed 800 men with his spear in one battle. 9 Next in command was Eleazar son of Dodo, the son of Ahohi. He was one of the three warriors who were with David when they defied the Philistines who were assembled there for battle. When the men of Israel retreated, 10 he stood his ground and fought the Philistines until his hand grew so tired that it seemed stuck to his sword. The Lord gave a great victory on that day. When the army returned to him, the only thing left to do was to plunder the corpses. 11 Next in command was Shammah son of Agee the Hararite. When the Philistines assembled at Lehi, where there happened to be an area of a field that was full of lentils, the army retreated before the Philistines. 12 But he made a stand in the middle of that area. He defended it and defeated the Philistines; the Lord gave them a great victory. 13 At the time of the harvest three of the thirty leaders went down to David at the cave of Adullam. A band of Philistines was camped in the valley of Rephaim. 14 David was in the stronghold at the time, while a Philistine garrison was in Bethlehem. 15 David was thirsty and said, “How I wish someone would give me some water to drink from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate!”⁠ 16 So the three elite warriors broke through the Philistine forces and drew some water from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate. They carried it back to David, but he refused to drink it. He poured it out as a drink offering to the Lord 17 and said, “O Lord, I will not do this! It is equivalent to the blood of the men who risked their lives by going.” So he refused to drink it. Such were the exploits of the three elite warriors. 18 Abishai son of Zeruiah, the brother of Joab, was head of the three. He killed 300 men with his spear and gained fame among the three. 19 From the three he was given honor and he became their officer, even though he was not one of the three. 20 Benaiah son of Jehoiada was a brave warrior from Kabzeel who performed great exploits. He struck down the two sons of Ariel of Moab. He also went down and killed a lion in a cistern on a snowy day. 21 He also killed an impressive-looking Egyptian. The Egyptian wielded a spear, while Benaiah attacked him with a club. He grabbed the spear out of the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear.⁠ 22 Such were the exploits of Benaiah son of Jehoiada, who gained fame among the three elite warriors. 23 He received honor from the 30 warriors, though he was not one of the three elite warriors. David put him in charge of his bodyguard. 24 Included with the 30 were the following: Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan son of Dodo from Bethlehem, 25 Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite, 26 Helez the Paltite, Ira son of Ikkesh from Tekoa, 27 Abiezer the Anathothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite, 28 Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite, 29 Heled son of Baanah the Netophathite, Ittai son of Ribai from Gibeah in Benjamin, 30 Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai from the wadis of Gaash, 31 Abi-Albon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite, 32 Eliahba the Shaalbonite, the sons of Jashen, Jonathan 33 son of Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam son of Sharar the Hararite, 34 Eliphelet son of Ahasbai the Maacathite, Eliam son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, 35 Hezrai the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite, 36 Igal son of Nathan from Zobah, Bani the Gadite, 37 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite (the armor-bearer of Joab son of Zeruiah), 38 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite, 39 and Uriah the Hittite. Altogether there were 37.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Samuel 23:15 and 4 Maccabees 3:11

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry

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Summary

In 2 Samuel 23, David asks for water from the cistern in Bethlehem, which the Philistines hold. 4 Maccabees retells this, but leaves out Bethlehem and adds that springs were plentiful nearby, making David's craving about an irrational desire.

Passages

2 Samuel 23:15

Hebrew Bible
13 At the time of the harvest three of the thirty leaders went down to David at the cave of Adullam. A band of Philistines was camped in the valley of Rephaim. 14 David was in the stronghold at the time, while a Philistine garrison was in Bethlehem. 15 David was thirsty and said, “How I wish someone would give me some water to drink from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate!” 16 So the three elite warriors broke through the Philistine forces and drew some water from the cistern in Bethlehem near the gate. They carried it back to David, but he refused to drink it. He poured it out as a drink offering to the Lord 17 and said, “O Lord, I will not do this! It is equivalent to the blood of the men who risked their lives by going.” So he refused to drink it. Such were the exploits of the three elite warriors.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Samuel

4 Maccabees 3:11

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
6 This can be seen more clearly from the thirst of King David. 7 After David had been attacking the Philistines all day long, and had killed many of them with the help of his nation’s soldiers, 8 then, when evening came, sweating and very tired, he went to the royal tent, around which the whole army of our ancestors was encamped. 9 All the others were at supper, 10 but the king, who was extremely thirsty, although he had plenty of springs, could not quench his thirst from them. 11 Instead, an irrational desire for the water in the enemy’s territory grew stronger, burned within him, and wore him down until it consumed him. 12 When his bodyguards complained about the king’s desire, two strong young soldiers, out of respect for the king’s desire, put on their full armor, took a water jar, and climbed over the enemy’s ramparts. 13 Unnoticed by the guards at the gate, they went searching through the whole of the enemy camp. 14 They found the spring, and boldly brought the king a drink from it. 15 But although he was burning with thirst, he reasoned that a drink regarded as equal in value to blood was a terrible danger to his soul. 16 So, setting reasoning against his desire, he poured out the drink as an offering to God.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

References

“... The author of 4 Maccabees, however, departs dramatically from the interpretive guidelines provided for the episode in the Jewish Scriptures, and indeed thoroughly rewrites the story to illustrate and support his very different rhetorical goals. Here it truly becomes the “story of David’s thirst” (4 Macc 3:6). Stripped of the interpretive frame of the “deeds of valor” of David’s warriors—and of the historical context of the Philistine occupation of the Valley of Rephaim and Bethlehem—the story now focuses on David’s experience of thirst (which is absent from the Scriptural story), the irrational desire that drives him to crave the water that the non-Jews have in their territory, when plentiful springs are to be found close by (another detail absent from the original story), and the means by which he finds the strength to do what is just rather than wrongfully self-indulgent. The story is so crafted as to become a narrative demonstration that, though one cannot eradicate certain “passions,” one can master them so as to discern and choose the virtuous course of action. ...”
David A. deSilva, Fourth Maccabees and the Promotion of the Jewish Philosophy: Rhetoric, Intertexture, and Reception (Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2020), 154.
“... Third, the author suppresses in 3:11 the fact that the water for which David longs is the water of his own home town in Bethlehem, a city currently under enemy control (2 Sam 23:14b–15; 1 Chron 11:16b–17). David’s longing for the waters of Bethlehem in the biblical accounts expresses his desire to retake what is properly his, to be deprived of the proper state of affairs (with access to Bethlehem open to Judeans) by the intrusion of the Philistines no longer. However, by referring merely to the enemy camp rather than Bethlehem, the author of 4 Maccabees subtly turns David’s desire into an expression of “I want what they have,” a desire that is excessive and irrational, as the author says, when what David has close at hand is truly sufficient for him. ...”
David A. DeSilva, 4 Maccabees: Introduction and Commentary on the Greek Text in Codex Sinaiticus, SEPT (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 107.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Samuel 23:15 and 4 Maccabees 3:11

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