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2 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 22

1 David sang to the Lord the words of this song when the Lord rescued him from the power of all his enemies, including Saul. 2 He said: “The Lord is my rock, my stronghold, my deliverer. 3 My God is my rocky summit where I take shelter, my shield, the horn that saves me, my stronghold, my refuge, my savior. You save me from violence! 4 I called to the Lord, who is worthy of praise, and I was delivered from my enemies. 5 The waves of death engulfed me; the currents of chaos overwhelmed me.⁠ 6 The ropes of Sheol tightened around me; the snares of death trapped me.⁠ 7 In my distress I called to the Lord; I called to my God. From his heavenly temple he heard my voice; he listened to my cry for help.⁠ 8 The earth heaved and shook; the foundations of the sky trembled.⁠ They heaved because he was angry.⁠ 9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals.⁠ 10 He made the sky sink as he descended; a thick cloud was under his feet. 11 He mounted a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind.⁠ 12 He shrouded himself in darkness, in thick rain clouds. 13 From the brightness in front of him came coals of fire.⁠ 14 The Lord thundered from the sky; the Most High shouted loudly.⁠ 15 He shot arrows and scattered them, lightning and routed them. 16 The depths of the sea were exposed; the inner regions of the world were uncovered by the Lord’s battle cry,⁠ by the powerful breath from his nose.⁠ 17 He reached down from above and grabbed me; he pulled me from the surging water. 18 He rescued me from my strong enemy, from those who hate me, for they were too strong for me. 19 They confronted me in my day of calamity, but the Lord helped me. 20 He brought me out into a wide open place; he delivered me because he was pleased with me. 21 The Lord repaid me for my godly deeds; he rewarded my blameless behavior. 22 For I have obeyed the Lord’s commands; I have not rebelled against my God. 23 For I am aware of all his regulations, and I do not reject his rules. 24 I was blameless before him; I kept myself from sinning. 25 The Lord rewarded me for my godly deeds; he took notice of my blameless behavior. 26 You prove to be loyal to one who is faithful; you prove to be trustworthy to one who is innocent. 27 You prove to be reliable to one who is blameless, but you prove to be deceptive to one who is perverse. 28 You deliver oppressed people, but you watch the proud and bring them down. 29 Indeed, you are my lamp, Lord. The Lord illumines the darkness around me. 30 Indeed, with your help I can charge against an army; by my God’s power I can jump over a wall. 31 The one true God acts in a faithful manner; the Lord’s promise is reliable; he is a shield to all who take shelter in him. 32 Indeed, who is God besides the Lord? Who is a protector besides our God? 33 The one true God is my mighty refuge; he removes the obstacles in my way. 34 He gives me the agility of a deer; he enables me to negotiate the rugged terrain.⁠ 35 He trains my hands for battle; my arms can bend even the strongest bow. 36 You give me your protective shield; your willingness to help enables me to prevail. 37 You widen my path; my feet do not slip. 38 I chase my enemies and destroy them; I do not turn back until I wipe them out. 39 I wipe them out and beat them to death; they cannot get up; they fall at my feet. 40 You give me strength for battle; you make my foes kneel before me. 41 You make my enemies retreat; I destroy those who hate me. 42 They cry out, but there is no one to help them; they cry out to the Lord, but he does not answer them. 43 I grind them as fine as the dust of the ground; I crush them and stomp them like clay in the streets. 44 You rescue me from a hostile army; you preserve me as a leader of nations; people over whom I had no authority are now my subjects. 45 Foreigners are powerless before me; when they hear of my exploits, they submit to me. 46 Foreigners lose their courage; they shake with fear as they leave their strongholds. 47 The Lord is alive! My Protector is praiseworthy! The God who delivers me is exalted as king! 48 The one true God completely vindicates me; he makes nations submit to me. 49 He delivers me from my enemies; you snatch me away from those who attack me; you rescue me from violent men. 50 So I will give you thanks, O Lord, before the nations! I will sing praises to you. 51 He gives his king magnificent victories; he is faithful to his chosen ruler, to David and to his descendants forever!”

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Samuel 22:5 and Psalm 69:15

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 69 describes death as being swept away by deep, overwhelming waters. 2 Samuel uses similar language of waves of death and snares of Sheol, both drawing on ancient Near Eastern traditions that connect the chaotic sea with the realm of the dead.

Passages

2 Samuel 22:5

Hebrew Bible
3 My God is my rocky summit where I take shelter, my shield, the horn that saves me, my stronghold, my refuge, my savior. You save me from violence! 4 I called to the Lord, who is worthy of praise, and I was delivered from my enemies. 5 The waves of death engulfed me; the currents of chaos overwhelmed me. 6 The ropes of Sheol tightened around me; the snares of death trapped me. 7 In my distress I called to the Lord; I called to my God. From his heavenly temple he heard my voice; he listened to my cry for help.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Samuel

Psalm 69:15

Hebrew Bible
13 O Lord, may you hear my prayer and be favorably disposed to me. O God, because of your great loyal love, answer me with your faithful deliverance. 14 Rescue me from the mud. Don’t let me sink. Deliver me from those who hate me, from the deep water. 15 Don’t let the current overpower me. Don’t let the deep swallow me up. Don’t let the Pit devour me. 16 Answer me, O Lord, for your loyal love is good. Because of your great compassion, turn toward me. 17 Do not ignore your servant, for I am in trouble. Answer me right away.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... the earth as the place where the bodies of other people are to be found would surely have to be mentioned too. But in any case, the object of both clauses is 'the dead'. The language is clearly not intended to distinguish soul and body, but simply to speak of the return of the dead. There seem then to be two possible explanations for the reference to the sea. It may be the place for a special category of the dead: those who have died at sea. Whereas those who are buried in the earth are thought of as being in Sheol/Hades, those who die at sea are thought of as being in the subterranean ocean. But there seems to be no other evidence for this distinction. So more probably, and in the light of several Old Testament passages which closely associate the subterranean ocean with Sheol (e.g. 2 Samuel 22:5-6; Job 26:5; Psalm 69:15), the sea is here simply another synonym for Sheol ..."
Richard Bauckham, The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses, NovTSup 93 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 280–281.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Samuel 22:5 and Psalm 69:15

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