Go to Related Reading
About this book

2 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 11

1 In the spring of the year, at the time when kings normally conduct wars, David sent out Joab with his officers and the entire Israelite army. They defeated the Ammonites and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed behind in Jerusalem. 2 One evening David got up from his bed and walked around on the roof of his palace. From the roof he saw a woman bathing. Now this woman was very attractive.⁠ 3 So David sent someone to inquire about the woman. The messenger said, “Isn’t this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?” 4 David sent some messengers to get her. She came to him and he went to bed with her. (Now at that time she was in the process of purifying herself from her menstrual uncleanness.)⁠ Then she returned to her home. 5 The woman conceived and then sent word to David saying, “I’m pregnant.” 6 So David sent a message to Joab that said, “Send me Uriah the Hittite.” So Joab sent Uriah to David. 7 When Uriah came to him, David asked about how Joab and the army were doing and how the campaign was going. 8 Then David said to Uriah, “Go down to your home and relax.” When Uriah left the palace, the king sent a gift to him. 9 But Uriah stayed at the door of the palace with all the servants of his lord. He did not go down to his house. 10 So they informed David, “Uriah has not gone down to his house.” So David said to Uriah, “Haven’t you just arrived from a journey? Why haven’t you gone down to your house?” 11 Uriah replied to David, “The ark and Israel and Judah reside in temporary shelters, and my lord Joab and my lord’s soldiers are camping in the open field. Should I go to my house to eat and drink and go to bed with my wife? As surely as you are alive, I will not do this thing!” 12 So David said to Uriah, “Stay here another day. Tomorrow I will send you back.” So Uriah stayed in Jerusalem both that day and the following one. 13 Then David summoned him. He ate and drank with him, and got him drunk.⁠ But in the evening he went out to sleep on his bed with the servants of his lord; he did not go down to his own house. 14 In the morning David wrote a letter to Joab and sent it with Uriah. 15 In the letter he wrote: “Station Uriah at the front in the thick of the battle and then withdraw from him so he will be cut down and killed.” 16 So as Joab kept watch on the city, he stationed Uriah at the place where he knew the best enemy soldiers were. 17 When the men of the city came out and fought with Joab, some of David’s soldiers fell in battle. Uriah the Hittite also died. 18 Then Joab sent a full battle report to David. 19 He instructed the messenger as follows: “When you finish giving the battle report to the king, 20 if the king becomes angry and asks you, ‘Why did you go so close to the city to fight? Didn’t you realize they would shoot from the wall? 21 Who struck down Abimelech the son of Jerub-Besheth? Didn’t a woman throw an upper millstone down on him from the wall so that he died in Thebez?⁠ Why did you go so close to the wall?’ just say to him, ‘Your servant Uriah the Hittite is also dead.’” 22 So the messenger departed. When he arrived, he informed David of all the news that Joab had sent with him.⁠ 23 The messenger said to David, “The men overpowered us and attacked us in the field. But we forced them to retreat all the way to the door of the city gate. 24 Then the archers shot at your servants from the wall and some of the king’s soldiers died. Your servant Uriah the Hittite is also dead.” 25 David said to the messenger, “Tell Joab, ‘Don’t let this thing upset you. There is no way to anticipate whom the sword will cut down. Press the battle against the city and conquer it.’ Encourage him with these words.” 26 When Uriah’s wife heard that her husband Uriah was dead, she mourned for him. 27 When the time of mourning passed, David had her brought to his palace. She became his wife⁠ and she bore him a son. But what David had done upset the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 15:19 and 2 Samuel 11:4

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

2 Samuel 11 notes that Bathsheba was bathing after her menstrual period, echoing Leviticus 15. This detail deepens David’s failure, showing that he not only abuses his power but also ignores commandments meant to protect her purity and dignity.

Passages

Leviticus 15:19

Hebrew Bible
17 and he must wash in water any clothing or leather that has semen on it, and it will be unclean until evening. 18 As for a woman whom a man goes to bed with, then has a seminal emission, they must bathe in water and be unclean until evening. 19 “‘When a woman has a discharge and her discharge is blood from her body, she is to be in her menstruation seven days, and anyone who touches her will be unclean until evening. 20 Anything she lies on during her menstruation will be unclean, and anything she sits on will be unclean. 21 Anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothes, bathe in water, and be unclean until evening.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

2 Samuel 11:4

Hebrew Bible
2 One evening David got up from his bed and walked around on the roof of his palace. From the roof he saw a woman bathing. Now this woman was very attractive. 3 So David sent someone to inquire about the woman. The messenger said, “Isn’t this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?” 4 David sent some messengers to get her. She came to him and he went to bed with her. (Now at that time she was in the process of purifying herself from her menstrual uncleanness.) Then she returned to her home. 5 The woman conceived and then sent word to David saying, “I’m pregnant.” 6 So David sent a message to Joab that said, “Send me Uriah the Hittite.” So Joab sent Uriah to David.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Samuel

References

"... The assumption is that because the laws of impurity constitute a meaningful system, the rules for each type of impurity have implications for the other types. For example, for the parturient the consequences of impurity are spelled out: she is not to have contact with consecrated things or to enter the sanctuary (Leviticus 12:4). These consequences are not mentioned for the other types of impurity in the Torah, but with other readers, ancient and modern, I assume that they apply to them as well. But the applicability of rules for one type of impurity to other types is not always clear. Leviticus 15 decrees laundering and bathing for the man with a flow at the end of the period of purification (Leviticus 15:13) and bathing for a man who has had a seminal emission and for a woman who has had contact with semen in sexual relations (Leviticus 15:16, 18). Yet it mentions neither bathing nor laundering for the menstruant or the woman with abnormal flow. Still P surely assumes such bathing and laundering. Its failure to specify them may reflect its confidence that the analogy with the man with a flow and the man with a seminal emission would be obvious, and there is evidence elsewhere in the Bible, outside of P, for the practice of bathing after menstruation (2 Samuel 11:4). But if the silence of Leviticus 15 is due to its already having laid out the rules in the first portion of the chapter, why does its discussion of the woman with an abnormal flow repeat the requirement of sacrifice (Leviticus 15:29–30) in language virtually identical to that it uses for the man with a flow (Leviticus 15:14–15)? The assumption that P’s laws form a system by no means explains all aspects of their literary expression ..."
Martha Himmelfarb, Between Temple and Torah: Essays on Priests, Scribes, and Visionaries in the Second Temple Period and Beyond (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 140.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Leviticus 15:19 and 2 Samuel 11:4

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library