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2 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 11

1 In the spring of the year, at the time when kings normally conduct wars, David sent out Joab with his officers and the entire Israelite army. They defeated the Ammonites and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed behind in Jerusalem. 2 One evening David got up from his bed and walked around on the roof of his palace. From the roof he saw a woman bathing. Now this woman was very attractive.⁠ 3 So David sent someone to inquire about the woman. The messenger said, “Isn’t this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?” 4 David sent some messengers to get her. She came to him and he went to bed with her. (Now at that time she was in the process of purifying herself from her menstrual uncleanness.)⁠ Then she returned to her home. 5 The woman conceived and then sent word to David saying, “I’m pregnant.” 6 So David sent a message to Joab that said, “Send me Uriah the Hittite.” So Joab sent Uriah to David. 7 When Uriah came to him, David asked about how Joab and the army were doing and how the campaign was going. 8 Then David said to Uriah, “Go down to your home and relax.” When Uriah left the palace, the king sent a gift to him. 9 But Uriah stayed at the door of the palace with all the servants of his lord. He did not go down to his house. 10 So they informed David, “Uriah has not gone down to his house.” So David said to Uriah, “Haven’t you just arrived from a journey? Why haven’t you gone down to your house?” 11 Uriah replied to David, “The ark and Israel and Judah reside in temporary shelters, and my lord Joab and my lord’s soldiers are camping in the open field. Should I go to my house to eat and drink and go to bed with my wife? As surely as you are alive, I will not do this thing!” 12 So David said to Uriah, “Stay here another day. Tomorrow I will send you back.” So Uriah stayed in Jerusalem both that day and the following one. 13 Then David summoned him. He ate and drank with him, and got him drunk.⁠ But in the evening he went out to sleep on his bed with the servants of his lord; he did not go down to his own house. 14 In the morning David wrote a letter to Joab and sent it with Uriah. 15 In the letter he wrote: “Station Uriah at the front in the thick of the battle and then withdraw from him so he will be cut down and killed.” 16 So as Joab kept watch on the city, he stationed Uriah at the place where he knew the best enemy soldiers were. 17 When the men of the city came out and fought with Joab, some of David’s soldiers fell in battle. Uriah the Hittite also died. 18 Then Joab sent a full battle report to David. 19 He instructed the messenger as follows: “When you finish giving the battle report to the king, 20 if the king becomes angry and asks you, ‘Why did you go so close to the city to fight? Didn’t you realize they would shoot from the wall? 21 Who struck down Abimelech the son of Jerub-Besheth? Didn’t a woman throw an upper millstone down on him from the wall so that he died in Thebez?⁠ Why did you go so close to the wall?’ just say to him, ‘Your servant Uriah the Hittite is also dead.’” 22 So the messenger departed. When he arrived, he informed David of all the news that Joab had sent with him.⁠ 23 The messenger said to David, “The men overpowered us and attacked us in the field. But we forced them to retreat all the way to the door of the city gate. 24 Then the archers shot at your servants from the wall and some of the king’s soldiers died. Your servant Uriah the Hittite is also dead.” 25 David said to the messenger, “Tell Joab, ‘Don’t let this thing upset you. There is no way to anticipate whom the sword will cut down. Press the battle against the city and conquer it.’ Encourage him with these words.” 26 When Uriah’s wife heard that her husband Uriah was dead, she mourned for him. 27 When the time of mourning passed, David had her brought to his palace. She became his wife⁠ and she bore him a son. But what David had done upset the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Samuel 11:2 and Shepherd of Hermas 1:2

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

The Shepherd of Hermas opens with Hermas seeing Rhoda, his former owner, bathing in the Tiber, much like David watching Bathsheba bathe in 2 Samuel. David sends for her, but Hermas only wishes for a wife like her, and Rhoda later calls that wish a sin.

Passages

2 Samuel 11:2

Hebrew Bible
1 In the spring of the year, at the time when kings normally conduct wars, David sent out Joab with his officers and the entire Israelite army. They defeated the Ammonites and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed behind in Jerusalem. 2 One evening David got up from his bed and walked around on the roof of his palace. From the roof he saw a woman bathing. Now this woman was very attractive. 3 So David sent someone to inquire about the woman. The messenger said, “Isn’t this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?” 4 David sent some messengers to get her. She came to him and he went to bed with her. (Now at that time she was in the process of purifying herself from her menstrual uncleanness.) Then she returned to her home. 5 The woman conceived and then sent word to David saying, “I’m pregnant.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Samuel

Shepherd of Hermas 1:2

Early Christian
1 The master, who raised me, had sold me to a woman named Rhoda in Rome. After many years, I met her again, and began to love her as a sister. 2 Some time later I saw her bathing in the river Tiber; and I gave her my hand, and led her out of the river. Seeing her beauty, I said to myself, “How happy I would be if I had a wife like her in beauty and in character.” I merely reflected on this and nothing more. 3 Some time later, as I was traveling to Cumae, and glorifying God’s creatures for their greatness and splendor and power, as I walked I fell asleep. And a Spirit took me, and carried me away through a pathless place where no one could walk, for the ground was steep and broken into clefts by the waters. When I had crossed the river, I came to level ground, and knelt down, and began to pray to the Lord and to confess my sins. 4 While I was praying, heaven opened, and I saw the woman I had desired greeting me from heaven, saying, “Good morning, Hermas.” 5 And, looking at her, I said to her, “Lady, what are you doing here?” Then she answered me, “I was taken up, so that I might convict you of your sins before the Lord.” 6 I said to her, “Are you convicting me now?” “No,” she said, “but listen to the words that I will say to you. God, who lives in the heavens, and created out of nothing the things that are, and increased and multiplied them for the sake of His holy Church, is angry with you, for you sinned against me.” 7 I answered her, “Sin against you? In what way? Did I ever speak an improper word to you? Did I not always regard you as a goddess? Did I not always respect you as a sister? How can you falsely accuse me, lady, of such wickedness and impurity?” 8 Laughing, she said to me, “The desire for evil entered your heart. Do you not think it is an evil thing for a righteous person if an evil desire enters their heart? It is indeed a sin, and a great one too,” she said. “For the righteous person has righteous intentions. As long as their intentions remain righteous, their reputation stands firm in heaven, and they find the Lord easily reconciled in all they do. But those who harbor evil intentions in their hearts bring death and captivity on themselves, especially those who cling to this present world and boast in its riches, and do not hold on to the good things to come.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

“... The idea of a woman accepting the assistance of her former slave while bathing is not unthinkable, given the known occurrences of romantic liaisons and even marriages between male freedmen and their female patrons, even though highly discouraged. However, the bathing scene is universally recognized as being replete with erotic literary evocations, both Jewish and Greco-Roman, among them the biblical scenes of David and Bathsheba (2 Sam 11:2) and Susanna and the elders. Thus its historicity is heavily in doubt. The introduction of literary motifs into the narrative need not negate the autobiographical setting. Hermas disavows any deliberately adulterous thought [...] By contrast to external actions, Rhoda lays emphasis not on behavior but on the desires of the heart. ...”
Carolyn Osiek, The Shepherd of Hermas: A Commentary, Herm (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999), 42–44.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Samuel 11:2 and Shepherd of Hermas 1:2

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