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2 Peter

About this book
Chapter 2

1 But false prophets arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you. These false teachers will infiltrate your midst with destructive heresies, even to the point of denying the Master who bought them. As a result, they will bring swift destruction on themselves. 2 And many will follow their debauched lifestyles. Because of these false teachers, the way of truth will be slandered. 3 And in their greed they will exploit you with deceptive words. Their condemnation pronounced long ago is not sitting idly by; their destruction is not asleep. 4 For if God did not spare the angels who sinned, but threw them into Tartarus16⁠ and locked them up in chains in utter darkness,⁠ to be kept until the judgment,⁠ 5 and if he did not spare the ancient world, but did protect Noah, a herald of righteousness,⁠ along with seven others, when God brought a flood on an ungodly world,⁠ 6 and if he turned to ashes the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah when he condemned them to destruction, having appointed them to serve as an example to future generations of the ungodly, 7 and if he rescued Lot, a righteous man in anguish over the debauched lifestyle of lawless men,⁠ 8 (for while he lived among them day after day, that righteous man was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard) 9 —if so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from their trials, and to reserve the unrighteous for punishment at the day of judgment, 10 especially those who indulge their fleshly desires and who despise authority. Brazen and insolent, they are not afraid to insult the glorious ones, 11 yet even angels, who are much more powerful, do not bring a slanderous judgment against them in the presence of the Lord. 12 But these men, like irrational animals—creatures of instinct, born to be caught and destroyed—do not understand whom they are insulting, and consequently in their destruction they will be destroyed, 13 suffering harm as the wages for their harmful ways. By considering it a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight, they are stains and blemishes, indulging in their deceitful pleasures when they feast together with you.⁠ 14 Their eyes, full of adultery, never stop sinning; they entice unstable people. They have trained their hearts for greed, these cursed children! 15 By forsaking the right path they have gone astray, because they followed the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness,⁠ 16 yet was rebuked for his own transgression (a dumb donkey, speaking with a human voice, restrained the prophet’s madness). 17 These men are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm, for whom the utter depths of darkness have been reserved. 18 For by speaking high-sounding but empty words they are able to entice, with fleshly desires and with debauchery, people who have just escaped from those who reside in error. 19 Although these false teachers promise such people freedom, they themselves are enslaved to immorality. For whatever a person succumbs to, to that he is enslaved. 20 For if after they have escaped the filthy things of the world through the rich knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they again get entangled in them and succumb to them, their last state has become worse for them than their first.⁠ 21 For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back from the holy commandment that had been delivered to them. 22 They are illustrations of this true proverb: “A dog returns to its own vomit,”⁠ and “A sow, after washing herself, wallows in the mire.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Shepherd of Hermas 95:2 and 2 Peter 2:20

Early Christian · New Testament

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Summary

In 2 Peter, people who know Jesus and return to the world's corruption end worse than before. In the Shepherd of Hermas, the Shepherd similarly says that those who know God and still do evil are punished twice as heavily as those who never knew him.

Passages

Shepherd of Hermas 95:2

Early Christian
1 “How, Sir,” I said, “did they become worse once they had fully known God?” “Whoever does not know God,” he said, “and commits wickedness, is punished for his wrongdoing. But whoever fully knows God ought not to commit wickedness any longer, but to do good. 2 So if the one who should do good commits evil, does he not seem to do more wickedness than the person who does not know God? That is why those who have not known God and commit wickedness are condemned to death; but those who have known God and have seen His mighty works, yet still do evil, will receive double punishment and will die eternally. In this way the Church of God will be purified. 3 Just as you saw the stones removed from the tower and handed over to evil spirits, these too will be thrown out; then there will be one body of those who are purified, just as the tower, after being cleansed, was as though of a single stone. So it will be with the Church of God too, after she is purified and the wicked and hypocrites and blasphemers and double-minded and those who commit various sins are cast out.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

2 Peter 2:20

New Testament
17 These men are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm, for whom the utter depths of darkness have been reserved. 18 For by speaking high-sounding but empty words they are able to entice, with fleshly desires and with debauchery, people who have just escaped from those who reside in error. 19 Although these false teachers promise such people freedom, they themselves are enslaved to immorality. For whatever a person succumbs to, to that he is enslaved. 20 For if after they have escaped the filthy things of the world through the rich knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they again get entangled in them and succumb to them, their last state has become worse for them than their first. 21 For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back from the holy commandment that had been delivered to them. 22 They are illustrations of this true proverb: “A dog returns to its own vomit,” and “A sow, after washing herself, wallows in the mire.”
120–130 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Peter

References

“... These verses continue the problem of the lapsed. Those with ignorance of the truth are less culpable than those who know. By the final rejection of baptized offenders, the church will be cleansed. Though there has been throughout a concern for purification of the church, here there is a hardening of position that begins in v. 2 and continues in the next chapters, with the threat of eschatological death to those who finally cannot conform and so fit into the tower. [...] See 2 Pet 2:20-22; cited by Brox, 443. ...”
Carolyn Osiek, The Shepherd of Hermas: A Commentary, Herm (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999), 245.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Shepherd of Hermas 95:2 and 2 Peter 2:20

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