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2 Peter

About this book
Chapter 2

1 But false prophets arose among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you. These false teachers will infiltrate your midst with destructive heresies, even to the point of denying the Master who bought them. As a result, they will bring swift destruction on themselves. 2 And many will follow their debauched lifestyles. Because of these false teachers, the way of truth will be slandered. 3 And in their greed they will exploit you with deceptive words. Their condemnation pronounced long ago is not sitting idly by; their destruction is not asleep. 4 For if God did not spare the angels who sinned, but threw them into Tartarus16⁠ and locked them up in chains in utter darkness,⁠ to be kept until the judgment,⁠ 5 and if he did not spare the ancient world, but did protect Noah, a herald of righteousness,⁠ along with seven others, when God brought a flood on an ungodly world,⁠ 6 and if he turned to ashes the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah when he condemned them to destruction, having appointed them to serve as an example to future generations of the ungodly, 7 and if he rescued Lot, a righteous man in anguish over the debauched lifestyle of lawless men,⁠ 8 (for while he lived among them day after day, that righteous man was tormented in his righteous soul by the lawless deeds he saw and heard) 9 —if so, then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from their trials, and to reserve the unrighteous for punishment at the day of judgment, 10 especially those who indulge their fleshly desires and who despise authority. Brazen and insolent, they are not afraid to insult the glorious ones, 11 yet even angels, who are much more powerful, do not bring a slanderous judgment against them in the presence of the Lord. 12 But these men, like irrational animals—creatures of instinct, born to be caught and destroyed—do not understand whom they are insulting, and consequently in their destruction they will be destroyed, 13 suffering harm as the wages for their harmful ways. By considering it a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight, they are stains and blemishes, indulging in their deceitful pleasures when they feast together with you.⁠ 14 Their eyes, full of adultery, never stop sinning; they entice unstable people. They have trained their hearts for greed, these cursed children! 15 By forsaking the right path they have gone astray, because they followed the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness,⁠ 16 yet was rebuked for his own transgression (a dumb donkey, speaking with a human voice, restrained the prophet’s madness). 17 These men are waterless springs and mists driven by a storm, for whom the utter depths of darkness have been reserved. 18 For by speaking high-sounding but empty words they are able to entice, with fleshly desires and with debauchery, people who have just escaped from those who reside in error. 19 Although these false teachers promise such people freedom, they themselves are enslaved to immorality. For whatever a person succumbs to, to that he is enslaved. 20 For if after they have escaped the filthy things of the world through the rich knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they again get entangled in them and succumb to them, their last state has become worse for them than their first.⁠ 21 For it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than, having known it, to turn back from the holy commandment that had been delivered to them. 22 They are illustrations of this true proverb: “A dog returns to its own vomit,”⁠ and “A sow, after washing herself, wallows in the mire.”

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Peter 2:15 and Pirkei Avot 5:19

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

2 Peter and Rabbinic tradition in Pirkei Avot use Balaam as a symbol of greed and moral failure. In 2 Peter, Balaam’s path is invoked to condemn exploiting others for profit, while Pirkei Avot contrasts him with Abraham to demonstrate selfishness.

Passages

2 Peter 2:15

New Testament
11 yet even angels, who are much more powerful, do not bring a slanderous judgment against them in the presence of the Lord. 12 But these men, like irrational animals—creatures of instinct, born to be caught and destroyed—do not understand whom they are insulting, and consequently in their destruction they will be destroyed, 13 suffering harm as the wages for their harmful ways. By considering it a pleasure to carouse in broad daylight, they are stains and blemishes, indulging in their deceitful pleasures when they feast together with you. 14 Their eyes, full of adultery, never stop sinning; they entice unstable people. They have trained their hearts for greed, these cursed children! 15 By forsaking the right path they have gone astray, because they followed the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness, 16 yet was rebuked for his own transgression (a dumb donkey, speaking with a human voice, restrained the prophet’s madness).
120–130 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Peter

Pirkei Avot 5:19

Rabbinic · Mishnah
19 Whoever possesses these three things is of the disciples of Abraham, our father; and whoever possesses three other things is of the disciples of Balaam, the wicked. A good eye, a humble spirit, and a moderate appetite: he is of the disciples of Abraham, our father. An evil eye, a haughty spirit, and a limitless appetite: he is of the disciples of Balaam, the wicked. What is the difference between the disciples of Abraham, our father, and the disciples of Balaam, the wicked? The disciples of Abraham, our father, enjoy this world and inherit the world to come, as it is said: "I will endow those who love me with substance, I will fill their treasuries" (Proverbs 8:21). But the disciples of Balaam, the wicked, inherit Gehinnom and descend into the deepest pit, as it is said: "For You, O God, will bring them down to the deepest pit, those murderous and treacherous men; they shall not live out half their days; but I trust in You" (Psalms 55:24).
190–230 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pirkei Avot

References

"... Balaam had advised Balak to demoralize Israel’s fighting force by using Midianite women to seduce it into the service of their cult. That this tradition is as old as that of Deuteronomy, if not older, is now demonstrable by the eighth-century Deir ‘Alla inscription, which also tells of Balaam advising the establishment of an idolatrous cult. Both pejorative traditions are combined in Joshua 13:22, “Together with the others [the Midianites] that they slew, the Israelites put Balaam, the augur, to the sword.” That he was an augur [who divinated] points to his condemnation by Deuteronomy 18:10-13, and that he was slain with the Midianites whom he incited against Israel points to Numbers 31:8, 16. The postbiblical texts exaggerate Balaam’s vices to such a degree that he becomes an exemplar of villainy. Philo portrays him as more eager even than Balak to curse Israel (1 Mos. 285-286). Josephus also insists that Balaam intended to comply with Balak’s wishes (Ant. 4.119-122). The Christian Bible, too, emphasizes Balaam’s avarice (2 Peter 2:15–16; Jude 11) and his counsel of idolatry and debauchery (Revelation 2:14). The tannaitic rabbis claim that “Balaam the Wicked” and all who follow in his ways are cut off from the world to come; that is, they forfeit immortality (Pirkei Avot 5:19; see Sanhedrim 105a–106b, Targums to chapters 22-24) ..."
Jacob Milgrom, Numbers: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1990), 470.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Peter 2:15 and Pirkei Avot 5:19

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