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2 Kings

About this book
Chapter 22

1 Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned for thirty-one years in Jerusalem. His mother was Jedidah, daughter of Adaiah, from Bozkath. 2 He did what the Lord approved and followed in his ancestor David’s footsteps;⁠ he did not deviate to the right or the left. 3 In the eighteenth year of King Josiah’s reign, the king sent the scribe Shaphan son of Azaliah, son of Meshullam, to the Lord’s temple with these orders: 4 “Go up to Hilkiah the high priest and have him melt down the silver that has been brought by the people to the Lord’s temple⁠ and has been collected by the guards at the door. 5 Have them hand it over to the construction foremen assigned to the Lord’s temple. They in turn should pay the temple workers to repair it, 6 including craftsmen, builders, and masons, and should buy wood and chiseled stone for the repair work. 7 Do not audit the foremen who disburse the silver, for they are honest.” 8 Hilkiah the high priest informed Shaphan the scribe, “I found the scroll of the law in the Lord’s temple.”⁠ Hilkiah gave the scroll to Shaphan and he read it. 9 Shaphan the scribe went to the king and reported, “Your servants melted down the silver in the temple and handed it over to the construction foremen assigned to the Lord’s temple.” 10 Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a scroll.” Shaphan read it out loud before the king. 11 When the king heard the words of the law scroll, he tore his clothes. 12 The king ordered Hilkiah the priest, Ahikam son of Shaphan, Achbor son of Micaiah, Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah the king’s servant, 13 “Go, inquire of the Lord for me and the people—for all Judah. Find out about the words of this scroll that has been discovered. For the Lord’s great fury has been ignited against us, because our ancestors have not obeyed the words of this scroll by doing all that it instructs us to do.”⁠ 14 So Hilkiah the priest, Ahikam, Achbor, Shaphan, and Asaiah went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shullam son of Tikvah, the son of Harhas, the supervisor of the wardrobe. (She lived in Jerusalem in the Mishneh district.) They stated their business, 15 and she said to them: “This is what the Lord God of Israel has said: ‘Say this to the man who sent you to me: 16 “This is what the Lord has said: ‘I am about to bring disaster on this place and its residents, all the things in the scroll that the king of Judah has read. 17 This will happen because they have abandoned me and offered sacrifices to other gods, angering me with all the idols they have made. My anger will ignite against this place and will not be extinguished!’” 18 Say this to the king of Judah, who sent you to seek an oracle from the Lord: “This is what the Lord God of Israel has said concerning the words you have heard: 19 ‘You displayed a sensitive spirit and humbled yourself before the Lord when you heard how I intended to make this place and its residents into an appalling example of an accursed people. You tore your clothes and wept before me, and I have heard you,’ says the Lord. 20 ‘Therefore I will allow you to die and be buried in peace. You will not have to witness all the disaster I will bring on this place.’”’” Then they reported back to the king.

Texts in conversation

Compare The Memphite Theology and 2 Kings 22:8

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Kings tells how Josiah finds a forgotten Torah scroll in the temple and has it preserved. An earlier Egyptian tradition in the Memphite Theology similarly describes Pharaoh Shabaka discovering a damaged sacred text and having it rewritten.

Passages

The Memphite Theology

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · The Shabaka Stone
The living Horus, who prospers the Two Lands; the Two Ladies, who prospers the Two Lands; the Golden Horus, who prospers the Two Lands; King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Neferkare; the Son of Re: Shabaka, beloved of Ptah-South-of-his-Wall, who lives like Re forever. This scroll was copied out anew by his majesty in the house of his father Ptah-South-of-his-Wall, for his majesty found it to be a work of the ancestors which was worm-eaten, so that it could not be understood from the beginning to end. His majesty copied it anew so that it became better than it had been before, in order that his name might endure and his monument last in the House of his father Ptah-South-of-his-Wall throughout eternity, as a work done by the son of Re Shabaka for his father Ptah-Tatenen, so that he might live forever.
710 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Memphite Theology

2 Kings 22:8

Hebrew Bible
7 Do not audit the foremen who disburse the silver, for they are honest.” 8 Hilkiah the high priest informed Shaphan the scribe, “I found the scroll of the law in the Lord’s temple.” Hilkiah gave the scroll to Shaphan and he read it. 9 Shaphan the scribe went to the king and reported, “Your servants melted down the silver in the temple and handed it over to the construction foremen assigned to the Lord’s temple.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

References

"... Like Enuma Elish, the Egyptian Memphite Theology was linked to a specific locale—in this case the city of Memphis, just south of the Nile Delta. The only surviving copy of the text was made under the Twenty-fifth Egyptian dynasty, during the reign of the pharaoh Shabaka; it is found on a large slab of granite sometimes called the “Shabaka Stone.” Unfortunately, the slab was later reused as a millstone, which damaged some of the hieroglyphs, accounting for the gaps in the text above. The text opens with Shabaka’s claim that he found it in the temple of Ptah on a worm-eaten scroll (compare 2 Kings 22) and had it copied. The date of the text’s composition is not settled; if it was not composed in the time of the existing copy (the 8th century), then it may have been composed during the Nineteenth Dynasty (13th century) ..."
Christopher B. Hays, Hidden Riches: A Sourcebook for the Comparative Study of the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2014), 65.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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The Memphite Theology and 2 Kings 22:8

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