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2 Kings

About this book
Chapter 19

1 When King Hezekiah heard this, he tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and went to the Lord’s temple. 2 He sent Eliakim the palace supervisor, Shebna the scribe, and the leading priests, clothed in sackcloth, to the prophet Isaiah son of Amoz. 3 They told him, “This is what Hezekiah says: ‘This is a day of distress, insults, and humiliation, as when a baby is ready to leave the birth canal, but the mother lacks the strength to push it through. 4 Perhaps the Lord your God will hear all these things the chief adviser has spoken on behalf of his master, the king of Assyria, who sent him to taunt the living God. When the Lord your God hears, perhaps he will punish him for the things he has said. So pray for this remnant that remains.’” 5 When King Hezekiah’s servants came to Isaiah, 6 Isaiah said to them, “Tell your master this: ‘This is what the Lord has said: “Don’t be afraid because of the things you have heard, because the Assyrian king’s officers have insulted me. 7 Look, I will take control of his mind; he will receive a report and return to his own land. I will cut him down with a sword in his own land.”’” 8 When the chief adviser heard the king of Assyria had departed from Lachish, he left and went to Libnah, where the king was campaigning. 9 The king heard that King Tirhakah of Ethiopia was marching out to fight him. He again sent messengers to Hezekiah, ordering them: 10 “Tell King Hezekiah of Judah this: ‘Don’t let your God in whom you trust mislead you when he says, “Jerusalem will not be handed over to the king of Assyria.” 11 Certainly you have heard how the kings of Assyria have annihilated all lands. Do you really think you will be rescued? 12 Were the nations whom my ancestors destroyed—the nations of Gozan, Haran, Rezeph, and the people of Eden in Telassar—rescued by their gods? 13 Where are the king of Hamath, the king of Arpad, and the kings of Lair, Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivvah?’” 14 Hezekiah took the letter from the messengers and read it. Then Hezekiah went up to the Lord’s temple and spread it out before the Lord. 15 Hezekiah prayed before the Lord: “Lord God of Israel, who is enthroned above the cherubim!⁠ You alone are God over all the kingdoms of the earth.⁠ You made the sky and the earth. 16 Pay attention, Lord, and hear! Open your eyes, Lord, and observe! Listen to the message Sennacherib sent and how he taunts the living God! 17 It is true, Lord, that the kings of Assyria have destroyed the nations and their lands. 18 They have burned the gods of the nations, for they are not really gods, but only the product of human hands manufactured from wood and stone. That is why the Assyrians could destroy them. 19 Now, O Lord our God, rescue us from his power, so that all the kingdoms of the earth will know that you, Lord, are the only God.” 20 Isaiah son of Amoz sent this message to Hezekiah: “This is what the Lord God of Israel has said: ‘I have heard your prayer concerning King Sennacherib of Assyria. 21 This is what the Lord says about him: “‘“The virgin daughter Zion despises you, she makes fun of you; Daughter Jerusalem shakes her head after you. 22 Whom have you taunted and hurled insults at? At whom have you shouted, and looked so arrogantly? At the Holy One of Israel! 23 Through your messengers you taunted the Sovereign Master, ‘With my many chariots I climbed up the high mountains, the slopes of Lebanon. I cut down its tall cedars and its best evergreens. I invaded its most remote regions, its thickest woods. 24 I dug wells and drank water in foreign lands. With the soles of my feet I dried up all the rivers of Egypt.’ 25 Certainly you must have heard! Long ago I worked it out. In ancient times I planned it; and now I am bringing it to pass. The plan is this: Fortified cities will crash into heaps of ruins. 26 Their residents are powerless, they are terrified and ashamed. They are as short-lived as plants in the field, or green vegetation. They are as short-lived as grass on the rooftops when it is scorched by the east wind. 27 I know where you live and everything you do. 28 Because you rage against me, and the uproar you create has reached my ears, I will put my hook in your nose, and my bridle between your lips, and I will lead you back the way you came.” 29 “‘This will be your confirmation that I have spoken the truth: This year you will eat what grows wild, and next year what grows on its own from that. But in the third year you will plant seed and harvest crops; you will plant vines and consume their produce. 30 Those who remain in Judah will take root in the ground and bear fruit. 31 “‘For a remnant will leave Jerusalem; survivors will come out of Mount Zion. The zeal of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will accomplish this. 32 So this is what the Lord has said about the king of Assyria: “He will not enter this city, nor will he shoot an arrow here. He will not attack it with his shield-carrying warriors, nor will he build siege works against it. 33 He will go back the way he came. He will not enter this city,” says the Lord. 34 “‘I will shield this city and rescue it for the sake of my reputation and because of my promise to David my servant.’”⁠ 35 That very night the angel of the Lord went out and killed 185,000 in the Assyrian camp.⁠ When they got up early the next morning, there were all the corpses.⁠ 36 So King Sennacherib of Assyria broke camp and went on his way. He went home and stayed in Nineveh. 37 One day, as he was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch, his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer struck him down with the sword.⁠ They escaped to the land of Ararat; his son Esarhaddon replaced him as king.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 12:29 and 2 Kings 19:35

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

2 Kings 19 describes a divine figure killing the Assyrian army, echoing the destroyer in Exodus 12, who kills Egypt’s firstborn. In both cases, a divine agent carries out the violence, yet the text also identifies this figure directly with God.

Passages

Exodus 12:29

Hebrew Bible
27 then you will say, ‘It is the sacrifice of the Lord’s Passover, when he passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, when he struck Egypt and delivered our households.’” The people bowed down low to the ground, 28 and the Israelites went away and did exactly as the Lord had commanded Moses and Aaron. 29 It happened at midnight—the Lord attacked all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the prison, and all the firstborn of the cattle. 30 Pharaoh got up in the night, along with all his servants and all Egypt, and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was no house in which there was not someone dead. 31 Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron in the night and said, “Get up, get out from among my people, both you and the Israelites! Go, serve the Lord as you have requested!
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

2 Kings 19:35

Hebrew Bible
33 He will go back the way he came. He will not enter this city,” says the Lord. 34 “‘I will shield this city and rescue it for the sake of my reputation and because of my promise to David my servant.’” 35 That very night the angel of the Lord went out and killed 185,000 in the Assyrian camp. When they got up early the next morning, there were all the corpses. 36 So King Sennacherib of Assyria broke camp and went on his way. He went home and stayed in Nineveh. 37 One day, as he was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch, his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer struck him down with the sword. They escaped to the land of Ararat; his son Esarhaddon replaced him as king.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

References

"... In the Old Testament supernatural envoys (מלאכים) usually delivered messages to specific audiences, or went before people to protect them and destroy or threaten the enemies of YHWH. (Compare Numbers 22:22; 2 Samuel 24:16; 2 Kings 19:35; 1 Chronicles 21:15; Psalm 35:5-6) In the exodus narrative, envoys of YHWH appear several times. First, an envoy appeared to Moses at Sinai to speak YHWH’s words to him (Exodus 3:2). This envoy played no military role, but revealed YHWH to Moses. Second, a destroyer (משחית) assisted YHWH during the tenth plague, fulfilling an earlier threat to kill the first-born son of Pharaoh (Exodus 4:23). Unlike the previous plagues, YHWH took on the task of killing the first-born of Egypt by going through Egypt (11:4; 12:12, 23) and striking and killing the Egyptian first-born (12:12, 23, 27, 29; 13:15), but he promised to protect from the destroyer the Israelites who had put blood on their doorframes (Exodus 12:23). Even though YHWH executed this task through the destroyer, his close identification with the supernatural envoy allows him to describe these actions with first person verbs ..."
Charlie Trimm, "YHWH Fights for Them!": The Divine Warrior in the Exodus Narrative (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2014), 62–63.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 12:29 and 2 Kings 19:35

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