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2 Corinthians

About this book
Chapter 6

1 Now because we are fellow workers, we also urge you not to receive the grace of God in vain. 2 For he says, “I heard you at the acceptable time, and in the day of salvation I helped you.” Look, now is the acceptable time; look, now is the day of salvation! 3 We do not give anyone an occasion for taking an offense in anything, so that no fault may be found with our ministry. 4 But as God’s servants, we have commended ourselves in every way, with great endurance, in persecutions, in difficulties, in distresses, 5 in beatings, in imprisonments, in riots, in troubles, in sleepless nights, in hunger, 6 by purity, by knowledge, by patience, by benevolence, by the Holy Spirit, by genuine love, 7 by truthful teaching, by the power of God, with weapons of righteousness both for the right hand and for the left, 8 through glory and dishonor, through slander and praise;⁠ regarded as impostors, and yet true; 9 as unknown, and yet well-known; as dying and yet—see!—we continue to live; as those who are scourged and yet not executed; 10 as sorrowful, but always rejoicing; as poor, but making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing everything. 11 We have spoken freely to you, Corinthians; our heart has been opened wide to you. 12 Our affection for you is not restricted, but you are restricted in your affections for us. 13 Now as a fair exchange—I speak as to my children—open wide your hearts to us also. 14 Do not become partners with those who do not believe, for what partnership is there between righteousness and lawlessness, or what fellowship does light have with darkness?⁠ 15 And what agreement does Christ have with Beliar?⁠ Or what does a believer share in common with an unbeliever? 16 And what mutual agreement does the temple of God have with idols? For we are the temple of the living God, just as God said, “I will live in them and will walk among them, and I will be their God, and they will be my people.” 17 Therefore “come out from their midst, and be separate,” says the Lord, “and touch no unclean thing, and I will welcome you, 18 and I will be a father to you, and you will be my sons and daughters,” says the All-Powerful Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 1:20 and 2 Corinthians 6:15

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · New Testament

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Summary

In Jubilees, Moses prays that the spirit of Belial will not accuse the people of Israel, an early use of the name for a personal power of evil. In 2 Corinthians, Paul references the same name Beliar, the one place where the New Testament uses it.

Passages

Jubilees 1:20

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
19 And Moses bowed facedown and prayed, 'Lord my God, do not abandon Your people and Your inheritance, or allow them to follow their misguided hearts, and do not deliver them into the hands of their enemies, the nations, so that they do not rule over them and cause them to sin against You. 20 Let Your mercy, Lord, extend over Your people, and create in them an upright spirit, and do not let the spirit of Beliar rule over them to accuse them before You, and to trap them and lead them away from all the paths of righteousness, so that they may be destroyed from Your presence. 21 But they are Your people and Your inheritance, which You have rescued with Your great power from the hands of the Egyptians: create in them a clean heart and a holy spirit, and do not let them be trapped in their sins from now on until eternity.'
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

2 Corinthians 6:15

New Testament
14 Do not become partners with those who do not believe, for what partnership is there between righteousness and lawlessness, or what fellowship does light have with darkness? 15 And what agreement does Christ have with Beliar? Or what does a believer share in common with an unbeliever? 16 And what mutual agreement does the temple of God have with idols? For we are the temple of the living God, just as God said, “I will live in them and will walk among them, and I will be their God, and they will be my people.”
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Corinthians

References

“... Beliar (= beliyya’al ‘worthlessness, malice’) is a name for the devil in the pseudepigrapha. Rabbinic literature does not know Beliar as a name for Satan but does give some haggadic interpretations of the Old Testament bny bly’l. Jubilees 1:20: ‘O Lord, may your mercy over your people be great, and fashion for them a right mind, and may the spirit of Belhor (= Beliar) not rule them, to accuse them before you and to woo them away from all the ways of righteousness, so that they perish far from your face.’ Jubilees 15:33: ‘All the sons of Beliar will leave their sons without circumcision as they were born.’ Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah 2:4: ‘Manasseh (the king) also changed his mind so that he served Belial (= Beliar); for the prince of injustice, who rules this world, is Belial, whose name is Matanbukus (?).’ ...”
Hermann L. Strack and Paul Billerbeck, A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, ed. Jacob N. Cerone, trans. Joseph Longarino (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2021), 3:2 Cor 6:15 §A.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 1:20 and 2 Corinthians 6:15

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