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1QS

Community Rule

About this book

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1 his soul has loathed the disciplines of knowledge, the judgments of righteousness. He has not held firm in turning his life around, and he shall not be counted with the upright. 2 His knowledge and his strength and his wealth shall not come into the council of the community, for he plows in the mud of wickedness, and there are stains 3 on his repentance. He will not be made righteous while he follows the stubbornness of his heart, and he looks on darkness as the ways of light. In the spring of the perfect 4 he shall not be counted. He will not be made innocent by atonements, or purified by waters of cleansing, or sanctified by seas 5 and rivers, or purified by any water of washing. Impure, impure he will be, all the days that he rejects the judgments of 6 God, so as not to be disciplined in the community of his counsel. For it is by the spirit of the true counsel of God that the ways of a man are atoned for, all⁠ 7 his iniquities, so that he may look on the light of life. And by the spirit of holiness, which joins him to his truth, he is purified from all⁠ 8 his iniquities, and by the spirit of uprightness and humility his sin is atoned for. And by the humbling of his soul to all the statutes of God his flesh is purified,⁠ 9 to be sprinkled with waters of cleansing and sanctified with waters of purification. Let him then set his steps to walk perfectly 10 in all the ways of God, as he commanded for the appointed times of his testimonies, and not turn aside to the right or to the left, and not 11 step over any one of all his words. Then he will be accepted through pleasing atonements before God, and it will be for him a covenant of 12 the eternal community. 13 For the instructor, to give insight and to teach all the sons of light about the generations of all the sons of man,⁠ 14 as to all the kinds of their spirits, with their signs, as to their works in their generations, and as to the visitation of their afflictions together with 15 their ages of peace. From the God of knowledge comes all that is and all that will be. Before they existed he set in place their whole design, 16 and when they come to exist at their appointed times, they fulfill their task according to his glorious design, and nothing can be changed. In his hand 17 are the judgments of all things, and he sustains them in all their needs. He created humankind to rule 18 the world, and he set for it two spirits in which to walk until the appointed time of his visitation. They are the spirits of 19 truth and of iniquity. In a spring of light are the generations of truth, and from a fountain of darkness are the generations of iniquity. 20 In the hand of the Prince of Lights is the rule over all the sons of righteousness; they walk in the ways of light.⁠ And in the hand of the Angel of 21 Darkness is all the rule over the sons of iniquity, and they walk in the ways of darkness. And by the Angel of Darkness comes the straying of 22 all the sons of righteousness, and all their sins and their iniquities and their guilt and the transgressions of their works are under his dominion, 23 according to the mysteries of God, until his end. And all their afflictions and their times of distress are under the dominion of his hostility, 24 and all the spirits of his lot try to make the sons of light stumble. But the God of Israel and his angel of truth help all 25 the sons of light. He created the spirits of light and of darkness, and on them he founded every work, 26 [and on their counsels] every service, and on their ways [every] visitation. The one God loves for all

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 3:8 and Acts 19:4

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

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Summary

Acts 19 describes John the Baptist’s call to baptism for repentance and forgiveness, similar to practices in the Dead Sea Scrolls that connect washing with humility and renewal. Both connect this to joining a faithful community rather than ritual purity.

Passages

1QS 3:8

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
6 God, so as not to be disciplined in the community of his counsel. For it is by the spirit of the true counsel of God that the ways of a man are atoned for, all 7 his iniquities, so that he may look on the light of life. And by the spirit of holiness, which joins him to his truth, he is purified from all 8 his iniquities, and by the spirit of uprightness and humility his sin is atoned for. And by the humbling of his soul to all the statutes of God his flesh is purified, 9 to be sprinkled with waters of cleansing and sanctified with waters of purification. Let him then set his steps to walk perfectly
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

Acts 19:4

New Testament
2 and said to them, “Did you receive the Holy Spirit when you believed?” They replied, “No, we have not even heard that there is a Holy Spirit.” 3 So Paul said, “Into what then were you baptized?” “Into John’s baptism,” they replied. 4 Paul said, “John baptized with a baptism of repentance, telling the people to believe in the one who was to come after him, that is, in Jesus.” 5 When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus, 6 and when Paul placed his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came upon them, and they began to speak in tongues and to prophesy.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Acts

References

"... With the discovery of the Scrolls, however, things began to change, and since 1948 many scholars have linked John directly or indirectly with the Qumran sect. The strong form of this claim - which this study shares - is that John started out as a member of the Qumran community. This is a controversial assertion, and it is based on circumstantial evidence, but there is a lot of that, including the following ... the water rites practiced by the Baptist and by the Qumran sect had a similar meaning, including their connection with repentance and forgiveness of sins (Mark 1:4; 1QS 3:4–12). Elsewhere in ancient Judaism, washing ceremonies were not connected with repentance and atonement but with the recovery of ritual purity ..."
Joel Marcus, John the Baptist in History and Theology (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 2018), 28.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1QS 3:8 and Acts 19:4

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