Go to Related Reading
About this book

1QS

Community Rule

About this book

Column 1

1 For […] … for his life, [the book of the] rule of the community: to seek 2 God with [all the heart] and with [all the soul], to do what is good and upright before him, as 3 he commanded by the hand of Moses and by the hand of all his servants the prophets; and to love all⁠ 4 that he has chosen and to hate all that he has rejected; to keep far from all evil 5 and to cling to all good works; and to do truth and righteousness and justice 6 in the land; and to walk no longer in the stubbornness of a guilty heart and eyes of fornication, 7 doing all evil; and to bring all who volunteer to do the statutes of God 8 into the covenant of kindness, to be joined in the counsel of God and to walk perfectly before him in all 9 that has been revealed for their appointed times; and to love all the sons of light,⁠ each⁠ 10 according to his lot in the counsel of God, and to hate all the sons of darkness, each according to his guilt 11 in the vengeance of God. And all who volunteer for his truth shall bring all their knowledge and their strength 12 and their wealth into the community of God, to purify their knowledge in the truth of the statutes of God, and to order their strength 13 according to the perfection of his ways, and all their wealth according to his righteous counsel; and not to step aside from any one⁠ 14 of all the words of God in their ages, and not to advance their times or to fall behind 15 any of their appointed times; and not to turn from his true statutes to go to the right or to the left. 16 And all who come into the rule of the community shall pass over into the covenant before God, to do 17 according to all that he has commanded, and not to turn back from following him because of any fear or dread or testing 18 that comes in the dominion of Belial. And when they pass over into the covenant, the priests 19 and the Levites shall bless the God of salvation and all his works of truth, and all 20 who pass over into the covenant shall say after them, “Amen, amen.” 21 And the priests shall recount the righteous acts of God in his mighty works 22 and proclaim all his merciful kindnesses toward Israel. And the Levites shall recount 23 the iniquities of the sons of Israel and all their guilty transgressions and their sins in the dominion of 24 Belial. [And all] who pass over into the covenant shall confess after them, saying, “We have done wrong,⁠ 25 we have transgressed, we have sinned, we have acted wickedly, we and our fathers before us, by walking 26 [contrary to the statutes of] truth and righteousness. [God has carried out] his judgment on us and on our fathers,

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 1:9 and John 12:36

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

Share:

Summary

John 12 describes believers as sons of light, using language similar to the Dead Sea Scrolls that divides humanity into the sons of light and sons of darkness. Both describe moral life as participation in a dualistic struggle between good and evil.

Passages

1QS 1:9

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
7 doing all evil; and to bring all who volunteer to do the statutes of God 8 into the covenant of kindness, to be joined in the counsel of God and to walk perfectly before him in all 9 that has been revealed for their appointed times; and to love all the sons of light, each 10 according to his lot in the counsel of God, and to hate all the sons of darkness, each according to his guilt 11 in the vengeance of God. And all who volunteer for his truth shall bring all their knowledge and their strength
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

John 12:36

New Testament
34 Then the crowd responded, “We have heard from the law that the Christ will remain forever. How can you say, ‘The Son of Man must be lifted up’? Who is this Son of Man?” 35 Jesus replied, “The light is with you for a little while longer. Walk while you have the light, so that the darkness may not overtake you. The one who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going. 36 While you have the light, believe in the light, so that you may become sons of light.” When Jesus had said these things, he went away and hid himself from them.
90–110 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in John

References

"... The New Testament - particularly the Gospel of John - shares with the scrolls a dualistic theology in which good and evil emanate from two different cosmic sources. History is thus a cosmic struggle between good (light) and evil (darkness). The so-called War Scroll from Qumran describes an apocalyptic battle between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. The Manual of Discipline admonishes: "Love all the Sons of Light.... Hate all the Sons of Darkness. . .. Love all that He has chosen and hate all that He has rejected." In the Gospel of John, Jesus describes himself as the light of the world; he who follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life" (John 8:12; see also John 1:5; 3:19-20). The followers of Jesus are referred to as "the sons of the light" (John 12:35-36). In the parable of the unjust steward, Jesus also speaks of the "'sons of light" (Luke 6:8). The Gospels of Luke and John were composed about two hundred years after the Manual of Discipline (Luke about 80 A.D.; John about 100 A.D.; the Manual of Discipline about 100 B.C.). Many varieties of dualistic doctrines with subtle and often vague differences were circulating at the time, ranging from Neoplatonism to Persian Zoroastrianism to Christian and Jewish Gnosticism. Dualistic theologies are also reflected in such Jewish apocryphal books as Jubilees and the Testaments of the Patriarchs, so while the similarities between the New Testament and the Dead Sea Scrolls do not necessarily imply a direct connection, they do share a worldview ..."
Hershel Shanks, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Random House, 1998), pps. 75–76.
"... To turn to another field, in The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness we find an irreconcilable opposition between the darkness and the light: the sons of men are divided as they belong to either of these two forces. The same antithesis appears in the Damascus Document 3:13 through 4:26, a section which gives us in a brief compass the theology of the Sect. A comparison of this with the Fourth Gospel reveals a striking similarity. In John (12:36) Christians also are the sons of light, and the dualism of the Scrolls finds an echo in the Gospel ..."
W. D. Davies, Christian Origins and Judaism (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1962), 102–103.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

1QS 1:9 and John 12:36

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library