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1QS

Community Rule

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Column 1

1 For […] … for his life, [the book of the] rule of the community: to seek 2 God with [all the heart] and with [all the soul], to do what is good and upright before him, as 3 he commanded by the hand of Moses and by the hand of all his servants the prophets; and to love all⁠ 4 that he has chosen and to hate all that he has rejected; to keep far from all evil 5 and to cling to all good works; and to do truth and righteousness and justice 6 in the land; and to walk no longer in the stubbornness of a guilty heart and eyes of fornication, 7 doing all evil; and to bring all who volunteer to do the statutes of God 8 into the covenant of kindness, to be joined in the counsel of God and to walk perfectly before him in all 9 that has been revealed for their appointed times; and to love all the sons of light,⁠ each⁠ 10 according to his lot in the counsel of God, and to hate all the sons of darkness, each according to his guilt 11 in the vengeance of God. And all who volunteer for his truth shall bring all their knowledge and their strength 12 and their wealth into the community of God, to purify their knowledge in the truth of the statutes of God, and to order their strength 13 according to the perfection of his ways, and all their wealth according to his righteous counsel; and not to step aside from any one⁠ 14 of all the words of God in their ages, and not to advance their times or to fall behind 15 any of their appointed times; and not to turn from his true statutes to go to the right or to the left. 16 And all who come into the rule of the community shall pass over into the covenant before God, to do 17 according to all that he has commanded, and not to turn back from following him because of any fear or dread or testing 18 that comes in the dominion of Belial. And when they pass over into the covenant, the priests 19 and the Levites shall bless the God of salvation and all his works of truth, and all 20 who pass over into the covenant shall say after them, “Amen, amen.” 21 And the priests shall recount the righteous acts of God in his mighty works 22 and proclaim all his merciful kindnesses toward Israel. And the Levites shall recount 23 the iniquities of the sons of Israel and all their guilty transgressions and their sins in the dominion of 24 Belial. [And all] who pass over into the covenant shall confess after them, saying, “We have done wrong,⁠ 25 we have transgressed, we have sinned, we have acted wickedly, we and our fathers before us, by walking 26 [contrary to the statutes of] truth and righteousness. [God has carried out] his judgment on us and on our fathers,

Texts in conversation

Compare 1QS 1:3 and Matthew 5:43

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · New Testament

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Summary

In Matthew, Jesus refers to a saying about loving your neighbors and hating your enemies, language not found in the Hebrew Bible or other Jewish scriptures but is found in the Community Rule of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Passages

1QS 1:3

Dead Sea Scrolls, Sectarian and Community Texts · Community Rule
1 For […] … for his life, [the book of the] rule of the community: to seek 2 God with [all the heart] and with [all the soul], to do what is good and upright before him, as 3 he commanded by the hand of Moses and by the hand of all his servants the prophets; and to love all 4 that he has chosen and to hate all that he has rejected; to keep far from all evil 5 and to cling to all good works; and to do truth and righteousness and justice 6 in the land; and to walk no longer in the stubbornness of a guilty heart and eyes of fornication, 7 doing all evil; and to bring all who volunteer to do the statutes of God
160–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QS

Matthew 5:43

New Testament
43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor’ and ‘hate your enemy.’ 44 But I say to you, love your enemy and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be like your Father in heaven, since he causes the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Even the tax collectors do the same, don’t they? 47 And if you only greet your brothers, what more do you do? Even the Gentiles do the same, don’t they? 48 So then, be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... The key to understanding the religious and historical nuances of broad sections of the Sermon on the Mount, specifically Matthew 5:17, lies in Matthew 5:43. This verse reads, 'You have heard that it has been said, "You shall love your neighbor, and hate your enemy," But I say unto you, "Love your enemy."' It begs the question, who were these listeners that were told to hate their enemies? Such a command is not found anywhere in the entire Jewish tradition, and even less in the Old Testament. It seems likely, however, that this concept might be traced back to the writings of the Qumran sect, widely associated with the Essene movement. The sect's documents contain instructions for members to 'love everyone whom God has elected, and to hate everyone whom He has rejected'. Other excerpts speak of the duty of God's chosen ones to 'redeem the earth and repay the wicked' and of 'an eternal hatred towards all men of destruction'. It is clear from these documents that the sect's understanding of hatred for enemies had an eschatological character ..."
Kurt Schubert, “The Sermon on the Mount and the Qumran Texts,” in The Scrolls and the New Testament, ed. Krister Stendahl and James H. Charlesworth (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957), 118–128.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1QS 1:3 and Matthew 5:43

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