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1QH

The Thanksgiving Hymns

About this book

Column 5

12 [A psalm for the] instructor, to fall down before [God …] the works of God 13 […] and to give understanding to the simple […] … […] … of eternity 14 […] … and to give humankind understanding of […] flesh, and the counsel of the spirits of […] … they walked. 15 [… Blessed] are you, O Lord, … […] … a spirit of flesh … […] by the strength of your might 16 [and the abundance of] your kindness, with your great goodness, [and the cup of] your wrath, and the zeal of your judgments [… beyond] searching out. All 17 […] … all understanding and [discipline], and the mysteries of the plan and the beginning of [… you] established 18 […] … holy, from ages of old [and] forever and ever. You were pleased […] the holy ones 19 […] and in your wonderful mysteries you have made [me] know, [for the sake of] your glory, and in the depth of … [… the spring of] your understanding does not 20 […] you revealed the ways of truth and the works of evil, wisdom and folly […] righteousness 21 […] their works, truth … and folly. All who walked […] 22 … and eternal kindnesses for all their ages, for peace and for the pit. All … […] 23 their judgments: eternal glory and delight and everlasting joy for the work of […] … … 24 … And these are what you [established from ages of] old, to judge by them 25 all your works before you created them, with the host of your spirits and the congregation of [the gods, with] your holy firmament and all 26 its hosts, with the earth and all that comes forth from it, in the seas and in the deeps, according to all their designs for all the ages of eternity 27 and the everlasting visitation. For you established them from ages of old, and the work of […] … in them, so that 28 they may recount your glory in all your dominion, for you showed them what they had not […] what was of old, and to create 29 new things, to break what was established of old and to raise up what will be forever. For you [established] them, and you will be 30 forever and ever. And in the mysteries of your insight you apportioned all these things, to make your glory known. [But what is] the spirit of flesh, that it should understand 31 all these things and have insight into … […] great? And what is one born of a woman among all your fearsome great works? He is 32 a structure of dust, kneaded with water. [Guilt and sin] are his foundation, shameful nakedness and a [source of] impurity, and a perverted spirit rules 33 over him. And if he acts wickedly he will be [a sign] forever, and a portent to far generations of flesh.⁠ Only by your goodness 34 is a man made righteous, and by your abundant [mercies …] With your majesty you adorn him, and you make him ruler over many delights, with eternal 35 peace and length of days. For [… and] your word does not turn back. And I, your servant, know 36 by the spirit that you have put in me […] and all your works are righteousness, and your word does not turn back. And all 37 your ages are appointed … [… set] in order for their purposes. And I know [that …] … […] 38 and the wicked … […] … to understand […] 39 […] … your spirits, and … […] 40 […] … […]

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 66:24 and 1QHa 5:33

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Prayers, Hymns, and Liturgy

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Summary

The Dead Sea Scroll 1QH builds on the end of Isaiah, where the aftermath of a battle is shown with burning bodies on the ground. In Isaiah, this image expresses the shame of those who defy God. At Qumran, it is reshaped into a picture of final judgment.

Passages

Isaiah 66:24

Hebrew Bible
22 “For just as the new heavens and the new earth I am about to make will remain standing before me,” says the Lord, “so your descendants and your name will remain. 23 From one month to the next and from one Sabbath to the next, all people will come to worship me,” says the Lord. 24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me, for the maggots that eat them will not die, and the fire that consumes them will not die out. All people will find the sight abhorrent.”
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

1QHa 5:33

Dead Sea Scrolls, Prayers, Hymns, and Liturgy · The Thanksgiving Hymns
30 forever and ever. And in the mysteries of your insight you apportioned all these things, to make your glory known. [But what is] the spirit of flesh, that it should understand 31 all these things and have insight into … […] great? And what is one born of a woman among all your fearsome great works? He is 32 a structure of dust, kneaded with water. [Guilt and sin] are his foundation, shameful nakedness and a [source of] impurity, and a perverted spirit rules 33 over him. And if he acts wickedly he will be [a sign] forever, and a portent to far generations of flesh. Only by your goodness 34 is a man made righteous, and by your abundant [mercies …] With your majesty you adorn him, and you make him ruler over many delights, with eternal 35 peace and length of days. For [… and] your word does not turn back. And I, your servant, know
150–100 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1QH

References

"... there need not be any contradiction between resurrection and immortality; both forms of expectation were closely related for the Palestinian Jew. That the Essenes had some interest in the resurrection may be deduced from their special appreciation for the book of Daniel, and its fulminant end in chapter 12, the latest book of the Old Testament canon, written about 165-164. Surely they did not expect such a massive bodily form as we find later in pharisaic texts. Their expectation of the eschatological punishment of the wicked also has earlier Greek parallels. Martin P. Nilsson in his great History of Greek Religion emphasizes the fact that "hell is a Greek invention." Probably already in Isaiah 66:24, the last sentence of the book, and in Daniel 12:2b, which is shaped according to this model, we have a hint at the changed eschatological expectation of the new Hellenistic era. The Essenes were, as I said at the beginning, probably the sharpest enemies of the new Greek wisdom in Eretz Israel. But even they could not escape the penetrating Zeitgeist of the new era ..."
Martin Hengel, “Qumran and Hellenism,” in Religion in the Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. John J. Collins and Robert A. Kugler, SDSSRL (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 46–56.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 66:24 and 1QHa 5:33

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