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About this book

1 Timothy

About this book
Chapter 5

1 Do not address an older man harshly but appeal to him as a father. Speak to younger men as brothers, 2 older women as mothers, and younger women as sisters—with complete purity. 3 Honor widows who are truly in need. 4 But if a widow has children or grandchildren, they should first learn to fulfill their duty toward their own household and so repay their parents what is owed them. For this is what pleases God. 5 But the widow who is truly in need, and completely on her own, has set her hope on God and continues in her pleas and prayers night and day. 6 But the one who lives for pleasure is dead even while she lives. 7 Reinforce these commands, so that they will be beyond reproach. 8 But if someone does not provide for his own, especially his own family, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever. 9 No widow should be put on the list unless she is at least sixty years old, was the wife of one husband, 10 and has a reputation for good works: as one who has raised children, practiced hospitality, washed the feet of the saints, helped those in distress—as one who has exhibited all kinds of good works. 11 But do not accept younger widows on the list, because their passions may lead them away from Christ and they will desire to marry, 12 and so incur judgment for breaking their former pledge. 13 And besides that, going around from house to house they learn to be lazy, and they are not only lazy, but also gossips and busybodies, talking about things they should not. 14 So I want younger women to marry, raise children, and manage a household, in order to give the adversary no opportunity to vilify us. 15 For some have already wandered away to follow Satan. 16 If a believing woman has widows in her family, let her help them. The church should not be burdened so that it may help the widows who are truly in need. 17 Elders who provide effective leadership must be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who work hard in speaking and teaching.⁠ 18 For the scripture says, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain,” and, “The worker deserves his pay.” 19 Do not accept an accusation against an elder unless it can be confirmed by two or three witnesses. 20 Those guilty of sin must be rebuked before all, as a warning to the rest. 21 Before God and Christ Jesus and the elect angels, I solemnly charge you to carry out these commands without prejudice or favoritism of any kind. 22 Do not lay hands on anyone hastily and so identify with the sins of others. Keep yourself pure. 23 (Stop drinking just water, but use a little wine for your digestion and your frequent illnesses.) 24 The sins of some people are obvious, going before them into judgment, but for others, they show up later. 25 Similarly good works are also obvious, and the ones that are not cannot remain hidden.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, On the Virtues and 1 Timothy 5:18

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

The Jewish author Philo and 1 Timothy find deeper meaning from the Torah’s command to not muzzle an ox. Philo sees it as a moral lesson about compassion extending to all creatures. 1 Timothy uses it to argue for the fair treatment of workers.

Passages

Philo, On the Virtues

Classical
146 And since I have explained this clear and humane command about the oxen that tread out the grain, I will now go on to the one about the animals that plough, which belongs to the same family; for the lawgiver also forbids the farmer to yoke the ox and the ass together in the same plough for ploughing, taking into account here not only the difference in nature between the two animals, because the one is clean, while the ass is one of the unclean beasts, and it is not fitting to bring together animals so utterly estranged, but also, because they are unequal in strength, looking after the weaker one, so that it may not be oppressed and worn out by the greater power of the other. And indeed the ass, the weaker animal, is driven outside the sacred precincts; but the more vigorous beast, namely, the ox, is offered up as a victim in the most perfect sacrifices. 147 Even so, the lawgiver neither neglected the safety of the unclean animals nor permitted the clean ones to use their strength in disregard of justice, crying out and declaring loudly in plain words, so to speak, to those who have ears in their soul, not to injure anyone of a different nation unless they have some grounds for accusing them beyond the fact that they belong to another nation, which is no ground for blame; for things that are not wickedness, and do not spring from wickedness, are free from all reproach.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On the Virtues

1 Timothy 5:18

New Testament
16 If a believing woman has widows in her family, let her help them. The church should not be burdened so that it may help the widows who are truly in need. 17 Elders who provide effective leadership must be counted worthy of double honor, especially those who work hard in speaking and teaching. 18 For the scripture says, “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain,” and, “The worker deserves his pay.” 19 Do not accept an accusation against an elder unless it can be confirmed by two or three witnesses. 20 Those guilty of sin must be rebuked before all, as a warning to the rest. 21 Before God and Christ Jesus and the elect angels, I solemnly charge you to carry out these commands without prejudice or favoritism of any kind.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Timothy

References

"... Although Philo and Josephus cited the law of not muzzling the ox as an example of the humane character of the Law (Philo, On the Virtues 145—6; Josephus, Antiquities 4.233), this was for teaching Gentiles. Gentiles were entitled to an explanation, but as far as an Israelite was concerned, it was sufficient that God had ordained it. This is seen clearly when a Gentile asks Yohanan b. Zakkai (late 1st cent.) concerning the reasons for the rite of the Red Heifer (Pesikta Rabbati 14; Numbers Rabbah 19.8). Yohanan gives him a long explanation, likening the rite to contemporary exorcism rites. However, when his disciples question this explanation he says to them: ‘The rite of the Red Heifer is a decree of the Lord. The Holy One, blessed be He, said: “I have set down a statute, I have issued a decree. Thou art not permitted to transgress My decree.”’ Therefore Paul can ask: Does this decree demonstrate that God cares for oxen? and be confident that the answer is No. However there is still the doubt nagging in the back of the mind of even a faithful Jew: If God did not give this decree for the sake of oxen, then why did He give it? ..."
David Instone-Brewer, “1 Corinthians 9.9–11: A Literal Interpretation of 'Do not Muzzle the Ox',” NTS 38.4 (1992): 554–565.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, On the Virtues and 1 Timothy 5:18

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