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1 Thessalonians

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Finally then, brothers and sisters, we ask you and urge you in the Lord Jesus, that as you received instruction from us about how you must live and please God (as you are in fact living) that you do so more and more. 2 For you know what commands we gave you through the Lord Jesus. 3 For this is God’s will: that you become holy, that you keep away from sexual immorality, 4 that each of you know how to possess his own body in holiness and honor, 5 not in lustful passion like the Gentiles who do not know God. 6 In this matter no one should violate the rights of his brother or take advantage of him, because the Lord is the avenger in all these cases, as we also told you earlier and warned you solemnly. 7 For God did not call us to impurity but in holiness. 8 Consequently the one who rejects this is not rejecting human authority but God, who gives his Holy Spirit to you. 9 Now on the topic of brotherly love you have no need for anyone to write you, for you yourselves are taught by God to love one another. 10 And indeed you are practicing it toward all the brothers and sisters in all of Macedonia. But we urge you, brothers and sisters, to do so more and more, 11 to aspire to lead a quiet life, to attend to your own business, and to work with your own hands, as we commanded you. 12 In this way you will live a decent life before outsiders and not be in need. 13 Now we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who are asleep, so that you will not grieve like the rest who have no hope. 14 For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, so also we believe that God will bring with him those who have fallen asleep as Christians. 15 For we tell you this by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will surely not go ahead of those who have fallen asleep. 16 For the Lord himself will come down from heaven with a shout of command,⁠ with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God,⁠ and the dead in Christ will rise first.⁠ 17 Then we who are alive, who are left, will be suddenly caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will always be with the Lord.⁠ 18 Therefore encourage one another with these words.

Texts in conversation

Compare Apocalypse of Zephaniah 9:1 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

The Apocalypse of Zephaniah describes an angel sounding a trumpet during divine judgment. 1 Thessalonians echoes this image, describing God’s descent from heaven with the archangel’s voice and a divine trumpet.

Passages

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 9:1

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 Then a great angel came out with a golden trumpet in his hand, and he began to blow it three times over my head, saying, "Be victorious, you who have won! Be strong, you who have been strong! For you have overcome the accuser and escaped the abyss and the underworld. 2 Now you will cross over at the crossing place, for your name has been written in the Book of the Living." 3 I wanted to greet him with a kiss, but I could not, because his glory was so great.
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

1 Thessalonians 4:16

New Testament
15 For we tell you this by the word of the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will surely not go ahead of those who have fallen asleep. 16 For the Lord himself will come down from heaven with a shout of command, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. 17 Then we who are alive, who are left, will be suddenly caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will always be with the Lord.
41–51 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Thessalonians

References

"... There is a tradition in several texts from this period that has the appearance of angels and the blowing of a trumpet to announce the coming of God for judgment. The Greek Life of Adam and Eve, a first-century C.E. document, contains a merkabah theophany which is announced by the blowing of a trumpet (GLAE 37–38). The Apocalypse of Abraham, a first- to second-century C.E. document, is a fabricated dialogue between Abraham and the ‘Eternal Mighty One,’ with a detailed description of the final judgment. At Apocalypse of Abraham 30 the Eternal Mighty One outlines for Abraham ten signs of the impending judgment. At Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 the ‘Eternal Mighty One’ tells Abraham, ‘And then I will sound the trumpet out of the air.’ The Testament of Abraham is another first- to second-century C.E. document with a judgment scene depicting an angel with a trumpet. At Testament of Abraham 12:10 an angel holds a trumpet and wields fire in the context of a judgment scene. The Apocalypse of Zephaniah is a first-century B.C.E. to first-century C.E. document. In chapters 9–12 Apocalypse of Zephaniah describes a series of three trumpets that are used in the context of judgment ..."
James A. Waddell, The Messiah: A Comparative Study of the Enochic Son of Man and the Pauline Kyrios (London: T&T Clark, 2011), 163.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 9:1 and 1 Thessalonians 4:16

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