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About this book

1 Samuel

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Hannah prayed, “My heart has rejoiced in the Lord; my horn has been raised high because of the Lord. I have loudly denounced my enemies. Indeed, I rejoice in your deliverance.⁠ 2 No one is holy like the Lord! There is no one other than you! There is no rock like our God! 3 Don’t keep speaking so arrogantly. Proud talk should not come out of your mouth, for the Lord is a God who knows; he evaluates what people do. 4 The bows of warriors are shattered, but those who stumbled have taken on strength. 5 The well fed hire themselves out to earn food, but the hungry no longer lack. Even the barren woman has given birth to seven, but the one with many children has declined. 6 The Lord both kills and gives life; he brings down to the grave and raises up.⁠ 7 The Lord impoverishes and makes wealthy; he humbles and he exalts.⁠ 8 He lifts the weak from the dust; he raises the poor from the ash heap to seat them with princes—he⁠ bestows on them an honored position.⁠ The foundations of the earth belong to the Lord—he placed the world on them. 9 He watches over his holy ones, but the wicked are made speechless in the darkness, for it is not by one’s own strength that one prevails. 10 The Lord shatters his adversaries; he thunders against them from the heavens. The Lord executes judgment to the ends of the earth. He will strengthen his king and exalt the power of his anointed one.”⁠ 11 Then Elkanah went back home to Ramah. The boy Samuel was serving the Lord with the favor of Eli the priest. 12 But the sons of Eli were wicked men. They did not acknowledge the Lord’s authority. 13 This was the priests’ routine with the people. Whenever anyone was making a sacrifice, the priest’s attendant would come with a three-pronged fork in his hand, just as the meat was boiling. 14 He would jab it into the basin, kettle, cauldron, or pot. Everything that the fork would bring up the priest would take for himself. This is how they used to treat all the Israelites who came there to Shiloh. 15 Also, before they burned the fat the priest’s attendant would come and say to the person who was making the sacrifice, “Give some meat for the priest to roast! He won’t accept boiled meat from you, but only raw.” 16 If the individual said to him, “They should certainly burn the fat away first, then take for yourself whatever you wish,” then he would say, “No! Give it now! If not, I’ll take it by force!”⁠ 17 The sin of these young men was very great in the Lord’s sight, for they treated the Lord’s offering with contempt. 18 Now Samuel was ministering with the favor of the Lord. The boy was dressed in a linen ephod. 19 His mother used to make him a small robe and bring it to him from time to time when she would go up with her husband to make the annual sacrifice. 20 Eli would bless Elkanah and his wife saying, “May the Lord establish descendants for you from this woman in place of the one that she dedicated to the Lord.” Then they would go to their home. 21 And indeed the Lord attended to Hannah. She got pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. But the boy Samuel grew up before the Lord. 22 Eli was very old. And he would hear about everything that his sons used to do to all the people of Israel and how they used to go to bed with the women who were stationed at the entrance to the tent of meeting. 23 So he said to them, “Why do you do these things, these evil things that I hear about from all these people? 24 No, my sons! For the report that I hear circulating among the Lord’s people is not good. 25 If a man sins against a man, one may appeal to God on his behalf. But if a man sins against the Lord, who can intercede for him?” But Eli’s sons would not listen to their father. Indeed the Lord had decided to kill them. 26 However, the boy Samuel was growing up and finding favor both with the Lord and with people.⁠ 27 Then a man of God came to Eli and said to him, “This is what the Lord has said: ‘I plainly revealed myself to your ancestor’s house when they were slaves to the house of Pharaoh in Egypt. 28 I chose your ancestor from all the tribes of Israel to be my priest, to offer sacrifice on my altar, to burn incense, and to bear the ephod before me.⁠ I gave to your ancestor’s house all the fire offerings made by the Israelites. 29 Why are you scorning my sacrifice and my offering that I commanded for my dwelling place? You have honored your sons more than you have me by having made yourselves fat from the best parts of all the offerings of my people Israel.’ 30 “Therefore the Lord, the God of Israel, says, ‘I really did say that your house and your ancestor’s house would serve me forever.’ But now the Lord says, ‘May it never be! For I will honor those who honor me, but those who despise me will be cursed!⁠ 31 In fact, days are coming when I will remove your strength and the strength of your father’s house. There will not be an old man in your house! 32 You will see trouble in my dwelling place! Israel will experience blessings, but there will not be an old man in your house for all time. 33 Any man of yours that I do not cut off from my altar, I will cause his eyes to fail and will cause him grief. All those born to your family will die by the sword of man. 34 This will be a confirming sign for you that will be fulfilled through your two sons, Hophni and Phinehas: in a single day they both will die! 35 Then I will raise up for myself a faithful priest.⁠ He will do what is in my heart and soul. I will build for him a lasting dynasty, and he will serve my chosen one for all time. 36 Everyone who remains in your house will come to bow before him for a little money and for a scrap of bread. Each will say, “Assign me to a priestly task so I can eat a scrap of bread.”’”

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Samuel 2:6 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 51:5

Hebrew Bible · Classical

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Summary

Pseudo-Philo takes Hannah’s language about the God who “kills and makes alive” into a doctrine of resurrection. Her song of social reversal becomes a vision of final judgment, with the righteous preserved in light and the wicked in darkness.

Passages

1 Samuel 2:6

Hebrew Bible
5 The well fed hire themselves out to earn food, but the hungry no longer lack. Even the barren woman has given birth to seven, but the one with many children has declined. 6 The Lord both kills and gives life; he brings down to the grave and raises up. 7 The Lord impoverishes and makes wealthy; he humbles and he exalts. 8 He lifts the weak from the dust; he raises the poor from the ash heap to seat them with princes—he bestows on them an honored position. The foundations of the earth belong to the Lord—he placed the world on them.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 51:5

Classical
4 “Therefore I will utter my words openly, for out of me will arise the ordinance of the Lord, and all men will find the truth. Do not hurry to talk proudly, nor to utter lofty words out of your mouth, but delight yourselves in boasting when the light comes forth, out of which wisdom will be born, so that those who have the most possessions may not be called rich, nor those who have borne abundantly be called mothers; for the barren one has been satisfied, and she who was multiplied in sons has become empty. 5 “For the Lord kills with judgment and gives life in mercy. The ungodly are in this world; therefore he gives life to the righteous when he wills, but the ungodly he will shut up in darkness. But for the righteous he preserves their light; and when the ungodly are dead, then they will perish, and when the righteous have fallen asleep, then they will be delivered. And so all judgment will endure until he is revealed who holds it.
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities

References

“... The reception of the Song of Hannah in Pseudo-Philo’s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum is highly peculiar. The introduction to the speech in Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 51:3 shows that the Masoretic Text version was the source in this case: ‘And Hannah prayed and spoke.’ The following hymn partly departs quite far from its original, but in return also establishes references within 1 Samuel 2, which are not yet present in the original. The paraphrase of verse 1 is already directed at Samuel: ‘the people will be enlightened by his words, and he will show the nations the limits, and his horn will be greatly exalted.’ The reminder of verse 3 not to speak high-flown words is continued in a positive appeal: ‘Enjoy yourselves in glory as long as the light from which wisdom is born goes forth: that not those who possess most are called rich, nor those who have given birth in abundance are called mothers’ (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 51:4). Verse 5b and verse 6 are placed in a causal relationship: ‘for God kills in judgment and makes alive in mercy’ (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 51:5). The postmortem fate of the pious and the wicked will be considered ...”
Martin Meiser, The Septuagint and Its Reception: Collected Essays (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2022), 505–506.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Samuel 2:6 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 51:5

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